Air Pollution by Carbon Monoxide (CO) Poisonous Gas in Nigeria: A Review Paper

Abstract

Carbon monoxide (CO), as a colorless, odorless, and highly toxic gas, which poses a significant public health risk in Nigeria, due to increasing anthropogenic activities, rapid urbanization, vehicular emissions, biomass burning, and industrial growths. The high affinity of CO for hemoglobin impairs oxygen transport in the human body, leading to hypoxia and numerous cardiovascular and neurological complications. “Regardless of its harmfulness, CO consistently remains under-monitored and poorly regulated in many parts of Nigeria, contributing to a silent, but increasing public health afflictions.” This review evaluates the sources, distribution, health impacts, and regulatory responses to carbon monoxide pollution across Nigeria. Data were sourced from peer-reviewed articles, environmental agency reports, WHO air quality records, and field observations. Emphasis is placed on urban centers like Lagos, Abuja, Kano, and Port Harcourt, where CO levels frequently exceed WHO standards. The analysis also explores CO exposure pathways, including indoor pollution from generators, charcoal stoves, and gas heaters. Findings from previous studies reveal a strong correlation between elevated CO levels and hospital admissions due to respiratory and cardiovascular conditions. The paper concludes by highlighting policy lapses, weak enforcement of emissions standards, and lack of real-time air quality monitoring as major challenges. Recommendations include integrated CO surveillance systems, public awareness campaigns, and transition to cleaner energy sources. The article calls for a nationwide strategy to address the neglected but lethal implications of carbon monoxide pollution for sustainable environmental and public health governance in Nigeria.