The Nigerian Journal of Physics (NJP) is a peer-reviewed publication of original research papers, review articles, technical reports and short communications in all aspects in the fields of Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology.
Design and Construction of an Ultrasonic Cattle Deterrent Device to Curb Farmer-Herder Conflict in Nigeria
Cattle encroachment into farmlands has emerged as a critical issue in regions where agriculture is vital for livelihoods and food security, with Nigeria being no exception. This research aims to design and develop a cattle deterrent device tailored to the unique challenges of farmer-herder conflicts. The device incorporates an Arduino UNO board with an ATmega 2560 microcontroller which serves as the brain of the device, facilitating the integration and control of various sensors and components. Passive Infrared (PIR) sensors detect thermal radiation changes caused by animal movement. They trigger the device when cattle approach the protected area. Ultrasonic sensors detect the presence of cattle by emitting high-frequency sound waves and measuring the time it takes for the waves to bounce back. This information is used to calculate the distance to the cattle from the farmland. An LCD display unit provides real-time feedback and information about device status, helping farmers monitor its operation and effectiveness remotely by receiving feedback through a GSM module that is incorporated on the system. Tests on cattle reaction were carried out at a location in ‘Yan Shanu’ cow market, Jos, Plateau state, Nigeria. The auditory range of a cow is from 23HZ to 37,000Hz, an irritating sound frequency capable of causing cows to balk, stop, move away was achieved. It was observed that cattle got irritated by the sound at 30KHz (30000Hz) and 142 dB sound pressure level at 1 meter (3.3 feet) away from the device which is the source of the ultrasonic wave.
Copyright (c) 2025 Emmanuel N. Taddy, S. Iliya, P. J. Odaudu, T. N. Fanzhi, E. P. Bala
Assessing the Influence of Aluminum Dopant on the Morphological and Structural Characteristics of NiS Thin Film Material Deposited by Chemical Bath Deposition Technique
Based on the influence of dopant like aluminum on some sulphide based thin film materials it has become paramount to carry out an assessment of chemical bath deposited Nickel sulphide doped with aluminum has been carried with the intension to ascertain the impact of the dopant concentration on the morphological and structural properties of the as-deposited NiS thin film sample and the aluminum doped, AlNiS thin film with different concentration of aluminum. It was revealed from the result as obtained from the work that both the morphological and structural properties that there were tremendous effect on the crystallinity, grain-size as depicted in figures and computed values in which the values of the lattice constant, dislocation density, micro-strain and grain-size as computed at the same preferred plane within the same diffraction angles are found to vary thereby indicating that there is clear evidence of the effect of aluminum doping concentration on the Nickel sulphide thin film developed with aluminum.
Copyright (c) 2025 Emmanuel Ifeanyi Ugwu, Barnaba Abel Adeiza, Hilary Uche Igwe, Ikpughul Sunday Iyua
Electrical and Solid State Properties of Aluminum Doped Nickel Sulphide Thin Film by Chemical Bath Method
The rule of the electrical and solid state properties of sulphide based thin film has made it interesting for us to carry out a study on the electrical and solid-state properties of aluminum doped NiS deposited by chemical bath deposition method has been carried out in this work in order to ascertain the influence of the concentration of aluminum as a dopant on the electrical and solid state properties of NiS thin film material as pointed out. And from the results, it was obviously seen as showcased from the results such as the index of refraction, extinction coefficient, dielectric constants, optical conductance that there were significant influence of Al on the trends of these properties, in particular the electrical properties as obtained using four point probe that they were variations in trend of the graphs as the concentration of dopant, aluminum were varied indicating its effect on the behavior of the aforementioned properties of the thin film in question thereby clarifying the belief that generally doping is one of the parameters that can be used to modify the sulphide based chalcogenide.
A Bit-Optimal, Provably Secure Encryption Scheme from any Trapdoor Permutation
This study presents a provably secure asymmetric encryption scheme designed for optimal efficiency. A transmitter utilizes a <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>k</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 3.0pt; mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> -bit one-way invertible function <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>f</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 3.0pt; mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> to encode a message <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>x</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 3.0pt; mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> for a receptor holding the inverse <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSupPr><m:e><m:r>f</m:r></m:e><m:sup><m:r>-</m:r><m:r>1</m:r></m:sup></m:sSup></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 3.0pt; mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> . The construction ensures that encryption requires only a single computation of <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>f</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 3.0pt; mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> , decryption requires only a single computation of <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSupPr><m:e><m:r>f</m:r></m:e><m:sup><m:r>-</m:r><m:r>1</m:r></m:sup></m:sSup></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 3.0pt; mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> , the ciphertext length is exactly <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>k</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 3.0pt; mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> bits, and the permissible message length <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>n</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 3.0pt; mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> is nearly <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>k</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 3.0pt; mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> . The method employs a probabilistic encoding of <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>x</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 3.0pt; mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> into a string <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r>r</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>x</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 3.0pt; mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> , with the ciphertext given by <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>f</m:r><m:r>(</m:r><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r>r</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>x</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub><m:r>)</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 3.0pt; mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> . Under the assumption of industry-standard compression function with any one-way invertible function, we describe and rigorously prove the security of this invertible enmesh scheme. The scheme is bit-optimal, allowing for the encryption of messages of length close to <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>k</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 3.0pt; mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> , and achieves semantic security—a strong notion that implies security against chosen-ciphertext attacks (CCA) and non-malleability in the standard-hash model.
Copyright (c) 2025 Tola John Odule, Khadijat-Kubrat Adebisi Abdullah, Samuel Oluwatosin Hassan, Femi Emmanuel Ayo, Sefiu Adekunle Onitilo
Investigation of Half-Metallic, Magnetic, and Thermodynamic Properties of Quaternary Half-Heusler NiCoFeX(X=S,As and Ge) using First-Principle Calculations
The First Principle Density Functional Theory (DFT) method was used to investigate the half-metallic character, magnetic and thermodynamic properties of NiCoFeX(X=Si,As and Ge). Electronic and magnetic properties such as band structures,densities of states, and magnetic moments, spin – polarization indices of each alloy are also determined to confirm half-metallicity and ferromagnetism. Thermodynamic properties such as Free Energy, Entropy,Heat Capacity and Debye Temperature are also computed using Quantum Espresso-based Thermo_pw code. The half-metallic band gaps of NiCoFeAs, NiCoFeSi and NiCoFeGe are 0.206eV, 0.205eV and 0.203eV respectively.The spin-up channels in the electronic band structures of NiCoFeX(X=Si,As and Ge) have indirect energy band gap,indicating that they exhibit half-metallic character .The quaternary Heuslers NiCoFeX(X=Si,As and Ge) are accurately ferromagnetic as they all obey Slater Paulin’s rule having magnetic moments of 4.0215μB,4.1573μB and 4.6711μB respectively and are 100% spin-polarized.The Curie Temperatures Tc of NiCoFeX(X=Si,As and Ge) are 827K,3631K and 827K respectively ( above the room temperature of 300K). However, only NiCoFeAs, and NiCoFeGe preserved their ferromagnetism after undergoing strain field. This makes them preferable candidates in the field of semiconductor physics. The heat capacities of NiCoFeX(X=Si,As and Ge) obey Dulong-petit law showing that they have good thermal applications in optoelectronic devices e.g. magnetic tunnel Junctions (MTJs),giant magneto-resistance devices (GMRs),Photo diodes, Solar cells etc.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sunday Ogundola, Funmilayo M. Temenu
Hydrogeophysical Investigation of Groundwater Potential in the Complex Basement of Idu Industrial Area, Federal Capital Territory, Abuja
In this study, thirty-six (36) Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) data points were collected to evaluate the groundwater potential around Idu Industrial Area, FCT, Abuja. Data collection was done with the use of PASI Resistivity meter (model – 16GL-N) adopting the Schlumberger electrode array configuration. The data acquired were analysed and interpreted using the partial curve matching technique and the results obtained were further aided using the Winresist geophysical software. The result of the interpreted VES revealed that the area is characterized by three to five geoelectric layers: the topsoil, weathered layer/weathered (clayey), fractured basement, and fresh basement associated with H, HKH, Q, HK, QQ, KH, and QH curve types, respectively. The topsoil has resistivity values ranging from 66 – 1036 Ωm with a depth range of about 0.7 – 1.4m, the partly weathered, weathered layer, and weathered (clayey) have resistivity values ranging from 37 – 884 Ωm and extend from a depth of about 2.5 – 22.6m, the fractured basement and fresh basement. The fresh basement having resistivity values between the range of 366 Ωm – 9027 Ωm. Out of the 36 VES points, only three (3) fractured zones were delineated for possible groundwater supply beneath VES 18, 21 and 36 respectively. The resistivity values of these fractured zones range from 225 Ωm – 498 Ωm with an average thickness of about 8.8m to 25.8 m respectively. However, the fractured basement represents the aquifer unit for groundwater exploration within the area. Thus, this research revealed that the area has poor groundwater potential due to the relatively shallow depth to the basement rock (thin overburden thickness).
Copyright (c) 2025 James Adeyemo Adegoke, Titus Taofik Ogunseye, Gabriel Nasara Tsado, Adesegun Adeleke Adefuwa, Ayooluwa Ayinla Adeleke
Experimental Study on the Impact of Blue Filtering and Equalization in OOK-NRZ White LED Visible Light Communication Systems
Visible Light Communication (VLC) offers a high-bandwidth, energy-efficient, and license-free medium for wireless data transmission using white LEDs. However, performance is limited by the phosphor’s slow response and temperature sensitivity, which reduce modulation bandwidth and signal integrity. This study experimentally investigates improvements in a white LED-based VLC system using On-Off Keying Non-Return-to-Zero (OOK-NRZ) modulation through blue optical filtering and passive electronic equalization. The system was tested under data rates from 0.5–20 MHz and varying drive currents. A blue optical filter suppressed slow yellow phosphor components, while an R//C equalization circuit mitigated inter-symbol interference (ISI). Results show that blue filtering enhances high-frequency stability and extends modulation bandwidth, while equalization improves signal fidelity and eye diagram opening. Optimal performance was achieved at a driving current of 200 mA, balancing signal quality and thermal stability. These findings demonstrate that combining blue filtering and equalization provides an efficient, low-cost approach for improving data throughput and reliability in white LED-based VLC systems, enabling practical indoor communication and smart lighting applications.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abdurrasheed Balarabe Magaji, Florence N. Ikechiamaka, Akinsanmi Akinbolati
Correlation of Spin Parameters with the Masses and Ages of some Barred Spiral Galaxies
Cosmology is the study of the universe, or cosmos, regarded as a whole. Stars are collected into galaxies, galaxies are gravitationally bound into clusters, and even clusters of galaxies are found within larger superclusters. Galaxies are classiﬁed depending on their morphology: elliptic, lenticular, spiral or irregular. It is particularly interesting to study the structure of spiral galaxies, which is usually well diﬀerentiated in a central bulge, with a high concentration of stars, and a ﬂat disk made up with younger stars, dust and gas. The arm of this work is to determine correlation between spin parameters, the total masses, gas masses and ages of some barred galaxies. The spin parameter happen to be the cardinal tangible parameter in verifying the morphological and visual feature of a spiral galaxy. Starting from the theoretical spin parameter equation suggested by Peebles, we analyzed the spin parameters of some barred galaxies using <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>λ</m:r><m:r>=</m:r><m:f><m:fPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:fPr><m:num><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSupPr><m:e><m:r>2</m:r></m:e><m:sup><m:f><m:fPr><m:type m:val="skw"/><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:fPr><m:num><m:r>1</m:r></m:num><m:den><m:r>2</m:r></m:den></m:f></m:sup></m:sSup><m:sSubSup><m:sSubSupPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubSupPr><m:e><m:r>V</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>D</m:r></m:sub><m:sup><m:r>2</m:r></m:sup></m:sSubSup><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r>R</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>D</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub></m:num><m:den><m:r>G</m:r><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r>M</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>H</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub></m:den></m:f></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 7.0pt; mso-text-raise: -7.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> . In determining the correlation we use the Bravais Pearson correlation and made predictions using polynomial in MATlab.The spin parameter for Milky Way galaxy is 0.0253 which is in agreement with what is recorded in many literatures, Andromeda is 0.0491. The predicted ages for NGC 4258 was 12.63 billion years. In this work spin parameters of ten barred galaxies were calculated and their correlations gotten.
Copyright (c) 2025 Elem Daniel Adegbulu, Emmanuel O. Aiyohuyin
Effect of Ga/(In+Ga) ratio on the Efficiency of Cu(InxGa1-x)Se2 (CIGS) Thin-Film Solar Cells
Copper indium gallium diselenide (Cu(InxGa1-x)Se2, CIGS) continues to attract significant interest as an absorber layer in thin-film solar cells owing to its high absorption coefficient, long carrier diffusion length, and tunable bandgap. A key factor governing its performance is the Ga/(In+Ga) ratio, which directly influences the electronic structure, defect formation, and carrier transport within the absorber. In this study, numerical simulations were carried out using SCAPS-1D to systematically investigate the effect of Ga incorporation across the full compositional range (x = 0–1). Composition-dependent models were employed to account for bandgap variation, electron affinity, acceptor density, defect states, and density of states. The results demonstrate that gallium incorporation significantly modifies device behavior. Increasing Ga content leads to bandgap widening, which enhances the open-circuit voltage (VOC) but reduces the short-circuit current density (JSC) due to diminished absorption in the longer wavelength region. Conversely, indium-rich compositions exhibit stronger photocurrent generation but suffer from lower voltages. The fill factor (FF) exhibits a maximum of ~61% at Ga fraction x = 0.6, while the overall device efficiency follows a bell-shaped dependence, peaking at 11.7% for x = 0.4. These results reveal a trade-off between voltage and current that must be carefully balanced through absorber composition engineering. Overall, this study identifies the optimal Ga/(In+Ga) ratio to lie within the range of 0.3–0.6, where a balance between Jsc​, VOC and FF yield the best photovoltaic response. The insights provided here can serve as practical guidelines for tailoring CIGS absorber layers to achieve improved device efficiency.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hassan Abdulsalam, Habiba Garba Ahmad, Fatima Musa Lariski
Effect of Citrus aurantifolia Seed Extract on the Mechanical Properties of Mild Steel in 0.1m Hydrochloric Acid
Citrus aurantifolia (lime) seed extract was evaluated as corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in 0.1M Hydrochloric acid, using weight loss measurements at room temperature. Citrus aurantifolia (lime) seed extract inhibited the corrosion of mild steel significantly with 88.4% efficiency at the highest concentration of 45mls of the inhibitor. Tensile strength, hardness, Surface profiling and micro structural tests were carried out on the as- received and inhibited coupons. The tensile tests revealed an increase in tensile strength, demonstrating that the extract not only protects the steel from corrosion but also improves its ductility and strength. Hardness measurements showed a noticeable increase in surface hardness while the Surface analysis confirmed the formation of a protective film on the mild steel surface, attributed to the adsorption of active compounds from the seed extract. This study offers valuable contributions to the field of corrosion science and materials engineering.
Copyright (c) 2025 Elizabeth Gabriel Bassey, Eziaku Osarolube Eziaku Osarolube, Gregory O. Avwiri
Enhancement of Reservoir Characterization with Petrophysical Analysis of Well Log Data in the “Abig” Oil Field, Niger Delta, Nigeria
The petrophysical evaluation may clear up several foremost demanding situations faced with the hydrocarbon reservoirs’ characterization. Such trouble is the capacity to apprehend the capacity of a reservoir. Petrophysical parameters associated with the porosity, quantity of shale, and permeability have been implemented to infer the greatness of an awesome reservoir. Therefore, this work aims to measure important petrophysical parameters to define the reservoir's characteristics, and correlation between porosity, and permeability, where bulk density properties can reveal important factors in the reservoir's operation. In this study, three different wells were examined in Niger Deltas area of Nigeria, to determine the characteristics of the reservoir, through petro-physical measurements of bulk density, porosity, permeability, and irreducible water saturation. This study shows correlations demonstrating that the two reservoirs could be identified, mapped, and correlated across all wells in the field and exhibited strong continuity. Reservoir J1 penetrated to depths of (8776-8808) feet, (8254-8356) feet, and (8934-8996) feet in wells Abig-003, Abig-004, and Abig-005 respectively. While for J2, the reservoir penetrated to depths of (8911-8928) feet, (8611-8669) feet, and (9249-9276) feet in wells Abig-003, Abig-004, and Abig-005 respectively. The mean porosity of the reservoirs is 19% and is considered great with 61% water saturation and 39% hydrocarbon with a 1223md permeability which is considered to be exceptionally great. For the most part, from the assessment of the Abig oil field based on petrophysical properties which has its hydrocarbon water contact at 8298 feet, it can be generally considered good and viable for hydrocarbon generation.
Copyright (c) 2025 Abigail Olaoluwa, Olusegun O. Alabi, Bosede T. Ojo, Samuel O. Sedara
Application of Electrical Resistivity Tomography in Mapping the Lateral Extent of Ohia Kaolin Deposit in Umuahia Southeastern Nigeria
The Electrical Resistivity Tomography of Ohia community in Umuahia for eight (8) profiles located within the coordinates <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSupPr><m:e><m:r>N</m:r><m:r>5</m:r></m:e><m:sup><m:r>0</m:r></m:sup></m:sSup><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSupPr><m:e><m:r>31</m:r></m:e><m:sup><m:r>'</m:r></m:sup></m:sSup><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSupPr><m:e><m:r>49.8</m:r></m:e><m:sup><m:r>''</m:r></m:sup></m:sSup></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 3.0pt; mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSupPr><m:e><m:r>E</m:r><m:r>7</m:r></m:e><m:sup><m:r>0</m:r></m:sup></m:sSup><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSupPr><m:e><m:r>26</m:r></m:e><m:sup><m:r>'</m:r></m:sup></m:sSup><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSupPr><m:e><m:r>53.4</m:r></m:e><m:sup><m:r>''</m:r></m:sup></m:sSup></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 3.0pt; mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> and <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSupPr><m:e><m:r>N</m:r><m:r>5</m:r></m:e><m:sup><m:r>0</m:r></m:sup></m:sSup><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSupPr><m:e><m:r>36</m:r></m:e><m:sup><m:r>'</m:r></m:sup></m:sSup><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSupPr><m:e><m:r>47.8</m:r></m:e><m:sup><m:r>''</m:r></m:sup></m:sSup></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 3.0pt; mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSupPr><m:e><m:r>E</m:r><m:r>7</m:r></m:e><m:sup><m:r>0</m:r></m:sup></m:sSup><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSupPr><m:e><m:r>26</m:r></m:e><m:sup><m:r>'</m:r></m:sup></m:sSup><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSupPr><m:e><m:r>50.9</m:r></m:e><m:sup><m:r>''</m:r></m:sup></m:sSup></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 3.0pt; mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> using Integrated Geophysical Instrument (IGI) for kaolin mapping was carried out. The resistivities obtained from the readings were converted to apparent resistivities and plotted using the RESINVx64 software to infer the electrical responses of the subsurface at the injection of Direct Current (D.C.) through the current electrode of a higher potential. Wenner configuration that is characterized by equidistance between the potential-potential electrodes and the potential-current electrodes was deployed in view of the expected outcome which is the lateral extent of Kaolin deposit. Resistivity inversion of three iterations mapped the subsurface for its electrical responses. Different profiles have different kaolin signatures though with some similarities in some cases. ERT 1 and ERT 3 being deeply buried are close in terms of prospect similarities while ERT 3, ERT 4 and ERT 5 have some similarities in their prospect distributions as deposits become dense southwest ward though discontinuous. ERT 6 and ERT 7 follow similar depositional trend with massive overburden being deeply buried except that the latter has kaolin blended with other rocks. Accessibility to the prospect in ERT 8 would attract less investment because of its closeness to the surface. The lateral spread of kaolin is between 7.5 and 97.5 m with a depth of burial ranging from 1.25 to 9.26m.
Copyright (c) 2025 Paul Igienekpeme Aigba, Chukwunenyoke Amos-Uhegbu, Joshua Udoka Ugwu, Martina Onyinye Eze, Darlington Chinedu Chukwu
An Airborne Radiometric Survey for Lithological Identification of Part of South-Western Nigeria
A gamma ray spectroscopy of an airborne radiometric survey was employed to measure the surface distribution of Potassium (%K), equivalent Uranium (eU) and equivalent Thorium (eTh)) in rocks underlying part of South-western Nigeria. The study aims at employing the alpha-α, beta-β and gamma-γ radiations that emanated from the decay of radioactive elements in the rock units beneath the area to achieve greater accuracy in facies delineation in order to unravel the possible variations in the concentration of naturally occurring radioelements, which is a function of primary geologic processes of mineralizing solution and metamorphic gradient. The data for the study area which lies within latitudes 7°00’N to 7°30’N and longitudes 3°00’E to 3°30’E of Abeokuta sheet 260 SE was obtained from Nigerian Geological Survey Agency (NGSA). The acquired datasets were processed by digitizing maps in numeric fonts which enabled the use of gridding technique by applying color images obtained from Minimum Curvature Grids (MCG). Enhanced composite images, ratio maps, %K, eTh and eU maps were consequently generated. The gridded maps were used to interpret the different rock types as inferred from high and low radiation anomalies with respect to the variation in geology at different locations within the study area. The results of this study defined concentration ranges of %K (-0.2 - 5.0 ppm), eU (0-12 ppm) and eTh (0-115 ppm). Based on the observed variation in the concentration of the three identified radioelements; the radiometric data revealed that the study area is underlain by six (6) major rock types namely, Felsic Volcanics, Gneissic rock, Ultramafic Volcanics, Intermediate Volcanics, Aplites and Pegmatites. The ternary map showed a high intensity of the three radioelements at the Northern part of the study area while the K/eTh ratio maps identified a high hydrothermal activity at the Southwestern part indicating a high potential of rock...
Copyright (c) 2025 S. Tanimola Olufemi, S. Akinola Ishola, O. Olalekan Oyebolu, I. Abiodun Akinlabi, R. Funmilola Sulaimon, N. Olaonipekun Adebisi
Geoelectrical Investigation of Subsurface Contaminants in Uwelu Automobile Market, Benin City, Using 2D and 3D Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT)
The high rate of random release of petroleum hydrocarbons, heavy metals and industrial wastes into the environment has led to automobile markets and workshops in Nigeria being perceived as areas of severe environmental concern. This paper will provide a geoelectrical study of the ground water contamination in the Uwelu Automobile market area in Benin City, Edo State with two- and three-dimensional Electrical Resistivity Tomography (2D and 3D ERT). Although the past studies in the field have concentrated mainly on the geochemical and physicochemical study, the available techniques perform inadequately to evaluate the contamination depth and lateral contact. This was done using a PASI Earth Resistivity Meter (Model 16GL-N) and 2D Wenner array method of gaining resistivity data on various traverses across the market. Data processing included powerful inversion programs to produce 2 dimensional sections of resistivity and 3 dimensional volumetric images. The ERT data display a series of low resistivity (35.9 88.7 0m) between a depth of 1.25 m and 6.38 m that can be considered as contaminated areas caused by leachate percolation as well as oil spill and infiltration of metal-bearing wastes. These anomalies were persistent in all the seven traverses meaning that there is extensive near-surface contamination. On the other hand, there were resistivity values greater than 231 (Ωm), observed in deeper zones (>= 10-12m) that might reflect relatively clean lateritic or weathered bed the rock. Three-dimensional resistivity imaging was used to also help delineating the plumes of contamination in space in higher resolution. This paper shows how combined 2D and 3D ERT are an efficient environmental diagnostic tool in use in complex industrial areas, providing an imaging, spatially large alternative to point-sample measurements. This is because the results confirm that environmental decontamination and regulatory action must be taken on highly urbanized markets such as the one in...
Copyright (c) 2025 Peacy Sunny Iyere, Osariere John Airen, Oyinkemi Precious Tuaboboh, Ogumeyo Ajirioghene
The Impact of Fe-Doping on the Structural, Optical and Electric Properties of MnO2 Thin Films Prepared by Spray Pyrolysis Technique for Solar Application
Pure and Fe-doped MnO2 was deposited at different atomic concentration of 2, 4, 6, and 8% in this research work on a glass slide substrate using the spray pyrolysis deposition technique. The nanoparticle was then characterized in other to obtain its structural, optical, chemical composition and electrical properties. The X-ray analysis reveal the crystal nature of the thin film nanoparticles, the optical properties of the nanoparticle were obtained from the UV-Vis spectroscopy, where the absorbance and the energy band gap of the nanostructures was determined. The FTIR characterization gives the chemical composition of the thin film which falls within the manganese oxide vibration range, and the hall effect data gives the resistivity, conductivity and the mobility of the charge carriers. The resistivity first decreases then increase as a result of the dopant, the exponential value of the resistivity was found to be 104Ωcm which agrees with the required value for buffer layer of photovoltaic cell.
Copyright (c) 2025 Medina Umar, Abiodun Eyitayo Adeoye, Salaudeen Olaiya Abdulwasiu
Effect of Gamma Irradiation on Shelf-Life and Quality of Musa paradisiaca and Musa acuminata Locally grown in Benue State Nigeria
Banana (Musa Spp.) is a unique fruit due to its high calories and nutritive value. Being a good source of carbohydrate, minerals and vitamins, it leads all other fruits in food value. However, banana is being fragile, perishable fruit and cannot be preserved for longer time after harvesting. As a result, significant portion of the fruits harvested are lost every year due to shorter postharvest life. This research investigated the effect of Co-60 gamma irradiation on shelf life and Quality of two banana species (Musa paradisiacal and Musa accuminata AAA group ) locally grown in Benue State, Nigeria. Banana fruits were irradiated at doses of 100Gy, 200Gy and 300Gy and stored at room temperature for shelf-life study. Proximate analysis was done when the fruits have fully ripened. For plantain, 100Gy dose extended the shelf life by 2-days, 200Gy extended the shelf life by 5-days while 300Gy dose extended the shelf life by 7-days. For Cavendish banana, 100Gy extended the shelf life by 3-days, 200Gy dose extended the shelf life by 5-days while 300Gy extended the shelf life by 6-days. Irradiated samples proximate composition was compared to the controls. For plantain, 100Gy dose had significant effect on Ash and pH composition, 200Gy had no significant effect on proximate composition while 300Gy dose affected the protein composition. For Cavendish banana, 100Gy dose impacted on Ash, Crude Fibre and Carbohydrates. 200Gy dose affected Ash and Crude Fibre while 300Gy dose showed no significant effect. Comparing the effect of irradiation on shelf life and proximate composition, the optimal dose of gamma irradiation for Plantain and Cavendish banana were found to be 200Gy and 300Gy respectively for shelf-life extension without statistically affecting the samples proximate composition.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nguvan B. Akaagerger, Stephen Oche Ejembi
Measurement of Background Ionizing Radiation in Selected Buildings with Altitude within Delta State, Nigeria
Anthropogenic activities play a crucial role in radiation exposure, resulting in a myriad of adverse health effects. Hence, the need to monitor and maintain exposure levels as low as reasonably achievable, particularly in residential areas. In the present study, the measurement of the background ionization radiation in selected buildings with Altitude within Delta State, Nigeria was carried out using a well calibrated radiation nuclear meter (Digilert 200). The study covers Warri and Asaba, which are the major cities in the state. The exposure rate varied from 0.007 to 0.020 mR/h with an overall mean value of 0.012 ± 0.030 to 0.016 ± 0.003 mR/h. The calculated absorbed doses rates ranged from 60.9 to 174.0 nGy/h with an overall mean of 107.3 ± 22.4 to 139.2 ± 27.51 nGy/h. The calculated annual effective doses equivalent ranged from 0.09 to 0.27 mSv/y with an overall mean of 0.16 ± 0.03 to 0.21 ± 0.04 mSv/y. The excess life cancer risk ranged from 0.32 to 0.93 with an overall mean annual effective dose equivalent was determined to be below the safe world recommended permissible limit of 1.00 mSv/y, while others slightly exceeded their respective global average safe thresholds. Therefore, there may not be any immediate radiological health effect on residents of the areas based on the data obtained.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nwanne Theresa Ilugo, Gregory O. Avwiri, Yehuwdah E. Chad-Umoren
Upwelling Ion Observation from the Earth's Upper Atmosphere During EISCAT Svalbard Radar and FAST Satellite Conjunctions
The loss of planetary atmospheres is due to the process of heavy ions depletion from the upper atmosphere. It is a significant source of magnetospheric plasma and plays an important role in altering global magnetospheric dynamics. A number of mechanisms are responsible for these outflows, which include electron precipitation, joule heating and other suprathermal energization. Seven events are considered at a time that the Fast Auroral SnapshoT (FAST) satellite and EISCAT Svalbard radar (ESR) simultaneously detected ion upflow, and this is validated by ground-based radars called, the Cooperative UK Twin Located Auroral Sounding System (CUTLASS). ESR and CUTLASS observations around the time of conjunctions are analyzed. The results show that ESR observed upwelling ion flux to be ~ 1013 m-2 s-1. Enhanced electron and ion temperatures are also observed at the time of these events. The dominant mechanism identified is the electron precipitation that results in an ambipolar electric field. The two striking events are the 2006-03-18 event that shows a distinct cusp signature indicated by CUTLASS and the 2002-01-20 event, which indicats a disturbed ionosphere due to data loss at ESR magnetic latitude.
Copyright (c) 2025 Timothy W. David, Emmanuel O. Adetunji, Chizurumoke M. Michael, Darren M. Wright, Adetoro T. Talabi, Abayomi E. Ajetunmobi
Band-gap, Urbach's energy tail and Magnetic Analysis of Cs3+-Ni2+ Doped Zinc Spinel Ferrites Nanoparticles
Over the years, spinel ferrites has attracted the attention of the research community as a result of the possibility for a variety of applications. Several attempts have been made in order to modify the optical and magnetic properties of spinel ferrites. Cs3+–Ni2+ substituted zinc spinel ferrite with chemical composition Zn1-xCsxFe2-xNixO4 (x=0.0, 0.1, 0.2) was prepared using sol-gel auto-combustion method and calcinated at 700oC for 5hrs. The UV-vis spectroscopy shows the presence of UV-cut-off at 447nm. The urbach energy tail increase with increase in Cs3+ and Ni2+ ions concentration. The band gap energy of the prepared samples was found to be in a semiconductor region. VSM analysis shows the appearance of super-exchange interaction as a result of replacement of Zn2+ by Cs3+ ions in A-site and Fe3+ by Ni2+ ions in B-site resulted in the slight decrease in the values of <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r>M</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>s</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 3.0pt; mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> and <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r>H</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>c</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 3.0pt; mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> . The values of <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>R</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 3.0pt; mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> is less than 0.5 which shows a single magnetic domain with uniaxial anisotropy. The values of <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>K</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 3.0pt; mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> and <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSub><m:sSubPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSubPr><m:e><m:r>H</m:r></m:e><m:sub><m:r>k</m:r></m:sub></m:sSub></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 3.0pt; mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> decrease with addition of Cs3+ and Ni2+ ions concentration. This decrease shows the anisotropic nature of the prepared samples.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nigerian Journal of Physics
Influence of Gas Flow Rate on the Properties of In2O3 Nanostructures Synthesized on Ni/Si Substrates using a Carbothermal Reduction Process at Atmospheric Pressure
Indium oxide nanostructured films have been grown on Ni/Si substrates by a carbothermal reduction of In2O3 powder under the flow of a 1 % hydrogen balance nitrogen as carrier gas at atmospheric pressure. The properties of the microstructures were investigated by varying the gas flow rates between 100 and 250 sccm. The films' morphological, structural and optical properties were examined using field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and UV-vis measurements. Investigation of the crystal structures revealed clear diffraction peaks in the XRD analysis corresponding to the body-centred crystal structure of the In2O3. The shape, crystallite size, and optical bandgap were observed to be influenced by the variation in the gas flow rates.
Specific Heat Capacity, Density and Viscosity Determined Using Different Combinations of Coconut Oil and Palm Kernel Oil
The specific heat capacity, density, and viscosity of oils are influenced by their chemical composition, temperature, and mixture ratios. Palm kernel oil and coconut oil exhibit distinct physical properties due to their unique fatty acid profiles. This study adopted standardized and precise experimental protocols, with aim of ensuring accuracy, consistency, and reproducibility of results. Both oils (palm kernel oil and coconut oil were sourced from a reliable supplier to ensure consistency in quality and composition; both oils were stored in airtight containers at room temperature to prevent oxidation and contamination. Prior to experiments, the oils were checked for any signs of degradation or impurities. The results showed distinct variations in thermal and physical properties depending on the composition of the oil mixtures, coconut oil displayed a specific heat capacity of approximately 2.01 J/g°C, while palm kernel oil had a slightly higher specific heat capacity of 2.15 J/g°C. As the ratio of palm kernel oil increased in the mixtures, there was a corresponding increase in specific heat capacity, indicating that palm kernel oil retains more heat per gram compared to coconut oil; the density measurements showed that palm kernel oil had a density of approximately 0.923 g/cm³, while coconut oil had a density of 0.911 g/cm³; the viscosity results highlighted that palm kernel oil exhibited a lower viscosity compared to coconut oil. Pure coconut oil showed a viscosity of 46.4 mPa·s, while palm kernel oil's viscosity was measured at 45.7 mPa·s.
Thermo-Physical Properties of Different Sizes of Particulate Wood Materials for Optoelectronics Device Applications
In this research, thermo-physical properties of different sizes of particulate materials for optoelectronic devices applications were investigated. Five different wood species of the family of Sterculiaceae, Moraceae, and Ulmaceae were used in the study. The wood materials were pulverised into particles using a pulverizing machine and were sieved into different maximum particle sizes; 106 μm, 300 μm, 425 μm, 850 μm and 1180 μm with appropriate mesh. The wood samples were oven-dried at 50°C for 30 minutes to avoid redistribution of moisture under the influence of temperature. The basic apparatus that was used to determine the thermal properties was a Differential Thermal Analyser. The result of the thermal conductivity ranged from 0.0100 to 0.0492 Wm-1 K-1. It was observed from the result that thermal conductivity of wood materials is dependent of particle sizes. This indicates that the performance of the material could be influenced by particle size. It has also been noted from the results obtained that almost all the samples considered at some sizes have their thermal conductivity similar to that of polystyrene whose potency in optoelectronics devices has been confirmed.
Characterization and Monitoring of Leachate Plume migration in Active Dumpsite within Basement Complex of Southwest Nigeria using Integrated Geophysical Methods
Infiltration of leachate plume from dumpsite into nearby shallow aquifer units poses a considerable threat to groundwater quality and human health. This study employed integrated geophysical methods (Very low frequency-electromagnetic (VLF-EM) and 2D electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) techniques) to map the conductive lineament structures, extent of leachate plume accretion and migration for likely pollution of nearby shallow groundwater sources. The VLF-EM and 2D ERT surveys were carried out with the aid of ABEM WADI VLF-EM meter and Campus Tigre model terrameter, respectively. Nine VLF-EM traverses of lengths varying between 120 and 250 m and nine 2D ERT traverses (with lengths ranging between 80 and 120 m) utilizing Wenner array arrangement and electrode separation distance varying from 5 to 25 m were mapped in the dumpsite. Control traverses of VLF-EM and 2D ERT surveys were also carried out at roughly 400 m away from the dumpsite. VLF-EM and 2D ERT data were processed and interpreted utilizing Fraser and Karous Hjelt filters as well as RES2DINV code, respectively. The integrated results of Fraser graphs and Karous Hjelt pseudo sections of VLF-EM data revealed west - leaning leachate plumes/conductive lineaments of several depths that cut transversely the dumpsite. However, 2D inverse resistivity sections showed leachate plume of < 10 Ωm that has migrated up to a depth of about 6.5 m at the west side of the dumpsite. The study recognized more of regions of accumulated leachate plume to depths that could have permeate the shallow aquifer units on the western part of the dumpsite.
Seismic Background Noise Evaluation at Saki Seismic Station, Oyo State, Nigeria
Measures have been taken to densify the seismic monitoring stations in Nigeria to enhance and supplement the monitoring and recording capacities of the current monitoring stations in the country, since local earthquakes are becoming more frequent. A comprehensive background noise analysis is advised to achieve peak performance and enhance comprehension of the new station's representative seismic signal. Determining the background noise for the recently installed seismic station at Saki in Oyo State to ensure the reliability of the data is the goal of this study. Using a MATLAB package, PQL, and Seisan software, the approach involves the collection of noise data from the station and processing it to determine and identify the appropriate background noise. The raw waveforms were sorted, de-trended, and demeaned to remove instrumental errors and other unwanted trends. The Fast Fourier Transform was implemented to convert the time series into the frequency domain to understand the behavior of the background noise at different frequency bands. The results show that the background noise on the three components of the Saki seismic station (Vertical (Z), horizontal (E), and northing (N)) was low on both low and high frequency bands, indicating a good station with low background noise. The minimum and maximum amplitudes of the waveform and the number of counts also indicate a low background noise. The geology and location of the Saki seismic station may have contributed to the station's low-level and consistent background noise. The findings will assist in the comprehension of the potential background noise during the routine data processing, as well as serving as a benchmark for background noise analysis for future seismic stations in Nigeria.
Mapping of the Distribution of Natural Gamma Radiation (NGR) Dose Rates in Mining Areas of Nassarawa Eggon, Nasarawa, North Central Nigeria
Natural background gamma radiation (NGR), primarily from terrestrial radionuclides uranium, thorium, and potassium, significantly contributes to human radiation exposure, with a global average effective dose of 2.4 mSv per year (UNSCEAR, 2000). Geological composition, particularly granitic rocks, influences higher NGR dose rates, necessitating localized studies to assess environmental and health impacts. This study investigates NGR levels in Nasarawa Eggon, Nasarawa State, Nigeria, an area with increasing mining activities and population growth. Using a certified Geiger-Müller counter, 150 in-situ measurements were conducted across Agidi, Akun, and Nasarawa Eggon development areas, with dose rates converted to nGy/h. The mean dose rate was 171.26 nGy/h, exceeding twice the global average of 59 nGy/h, with Agidi recording the highest (184.88 nGy/h). An isodose map, generated using QGIS and Kriging interpolation, illustrated NGR distribution. Calculated annual effective doses were 0.84 mSv (indoor) and 0.21 mSv (outdoor), below the ICRP’s 1 mSv limit but above Nigerian and global averages. These findings highlight elevated NGR levels linked to local geology and mining, underscoring the need for further radiological studies to identify contributing radionuclides and ensure public safety.
Measurement of Background Ionizing Radiation at Samaru College of Agriculture, Division of Agricultural Colleges, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria
Background ionizing radiation (BIR) is a significant contributor to human radiation exposure, with levels influenced by geological, environmental, and anthropogenic factors. Continuous assessment of BIR in learning environments is essential for safeguarding public health, as students and staff spend considerable time indoors, particularly in hostels, classrooms, and offices. Against this backdrop, an in-situ measurement of background ionizing radiation was carried out in twelve (12) sections of Samaru College of Agriculture, Division of Agricultural Colleges, Ahmadu Bello University (ABU), Zaria, Kaduna State, Nigeria. The study assessed indoor and outdoor background ionizing radiation (BIR) levels using a calibrated portable handheld gamma survey meter. The indoor BIR ranged from 0.119 to 0.186 µSv/hr, with an average value of 0.155 ± 0.06 µSv/hr and outdoor BIR ranged from 0.114 to 0.204 µSv/hr, with an average value of 0.144 ± 0.04 µSv/hr. Both indoor and outdoor average values exceeded the global indoor and outdoor averages of 0.013 µSv/hr and 0.015 µSv/hr, respectively (ICRP, 2007). The total annual effective dose for indoor measurements was 0.739 mSv/yr, and for outdoor measurements given as 0.190 mSv/yr, which were all below the maximum permissible limit of 1 mSv/yr (UNSCEAR, 2000). The average ELCR for indoor and outdoor measurement was 0.002 and 0.0038 respectively. These values were lower than the world recommended threshold of 0.29 × 10⁻³ (UNSCEAR, 2000). Although the observed radiation levels were generally within global safety limits, slightly elevated ELCR values in residential zones indicate a potential long-term health concern. These findings provide baseline data for radiological monitoring and contribute to environmental health risk assessments in academic institutions.
Depth Estimation of Bitumen Deposit Using Integrated Geophysical Methods in Ijebu Itele Ogun State, Southwestern Nigeria
Bitumen is a good source of alternative hydrocarbon because it possesses a relatively large quantity of naphthene, aromatics and asphaltenes that are similar to those in conventional oil. The depletion of crude oil reservoir all over the world has necessitated many countries to encourage many research works in the development of the resource, hence the motivation for this research work. This study investigates the subsurface structures of a portion of ijebu - itele, Ogun State Southwestern Nigeria with the objective of estimating the depth to the top of bitumen deposits. Five (5) profiles were used for the data collection using ground magnetic survey and electrical resistivity techniques. The Oasis Montage program and the Peter half slope method were used to process in order to enhance the accuracy of the interpretation. The results revealed majority of the bitumen deposits occurred at a shallow depth of 27.6 meters and 27.8 meters through electrical and magnetic methods, respectively. The results provide vital information for upcoming exploration and extraction activities.
Spectral Analysis Aimed at Delneating the Curie Point Depth and Geothermal Potentials in Parts of Lower Benue Trough
The need to increase power generation in Nigeria necessitates the quest for alternative sources of energy which are green, renewable and durable at large. Our aim in this research is to explore zones with geothermal prospects so as to alleviate the nations dwindling hydrocarbon dependence. This research utilized the aeromagnetic technique to investigate the subsurface properties in parts the lower Benue Trough with respect to its sediments, basement rocks and geothermal potentials. Twelve sheets of the aeromagnetic data were used covering Nsukka, Igumale, Ejekwe, Ogoja, Udi, Nkalagu, Abakaliki, Bansha, Okigwe, Afikpo, Ugep, and Ikom areas. These Twelve data sheets covered areas within latitude 5˚30΄N to 7˚00΄N and longitude 7˚00΄E to 9˚00΄E. Composite aeromagnetic data was merged to produce a merged map for the study area using Oasis Montaj8.3. The Total Magnetic Intensity (TMI) of the study area depicted intensities ranging from – 47.2 nT to 143.1 nT on merging. This was followed by spectral analysis to generate spectral depths of the deeper and shallow sources from which we calculated the Curie point depth and other geothermal parameters. Spectral analysis results show that the deep depths and shallow depths of the suspected magnetic bodies have an averavge value of 7,035 m and 350 m respectively. Curie depths show that the magnetic rock materials in the study area lose their magnetism due to temperature increase at depths between 4 km to 21 km which suggests that the source of the magnetic anomaly in those areas are highly magnetic. The geothermal gradient of the study area ranges from 25 0Ckm-1 to 125 oCkm-1 while the heat flow of the study area range from 80 mWm-2 to 365 mWm-2 which suggests that the study area is a good source of geothermal energy with areas like Okoroba and Okorroba showing the highest potential.
Effects of Computer Animation on Students’ Achievement in Learning Alternating Current Electricity in Technical Colleges in Nsukka Education Zone
Candidates have shown a lack of understanding of alternating current electricity, as many either steered clear of these questions or tackled them with little success. This fascinating area of physics introduces concepts that can truly captivate students if well handled using specific innovative teaching method like computer animation method. However, some researchers highlights challenges and a lack of motivation during lessons on this physics topic, primarily because traditional teaching methods often keep students passive, merely listening to lectures. This can lead to poor retention of material as some researchers did point out that inadequate teaching methods might prevent students from grasping abstract physics concepts fully. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of instructional computer animation on Technical college students‘achievement in alternating current electricity in Nsukka Education Zone. Two research questions guided the study and two null hypotheses were tested. The study adopted a quasi experimental design. Population of the study consisted of all the 2120 Year three physics students in the public technical colleges in Nsukka Educational Zone. The sample consisted of 120 Year 3 physics students drawn from some of the technical colleges in the Education Zone. Alternating current electricity Achievement Test (ACEAT) was the instruments used to collect data for the study. The reliability coefficient of ACEAT was established to be 0.85 using Kuder Richardson (KR-20) after trial-testing of the instrument. Mean and standard deviation were used to answer the research questions while Analysis of Covariance was used to test the null hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. The result revealed that instructional computer animation had significant effect on students‘ achievement in alternating current electricity. Female students performed better than the male students taught using instructional computer animation.
Unconstrained 3D Inversion of Airborne Magnetic Data for Mineral Targeting in the Southwestern Nigerian Basement Complex
This study applies unconstrained 3D inversion of high-resolution airborne magnetic data to model subsurface susceptibility distribution in the Southwestern Basement Complex of Nigeria. Total magnetic intensity (TMI) data were processed to residual magnetic anomalies, first vertical derivative (FVD), and analytical signal maps, followed by inversion using GM-SYS 3D in Oasis Montaj software (cell size: 250 × 250 × 100 m). The model converged after 50 iterations, achieving an RMS misfit of <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:r>11.8 </m:r><m:r>nT</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 3.0pt; mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> and <!-- [if gte msEquation 12]><m:oMath><m:sSup><m:sSupPr><m:ctrlPr></m:ctrlPr></m:sSupPr><m:e><m:r>R</m:r></m:e><m:sup><m:r>2</m:r></m:sup></m:sSup><m:r>=0.927</m:r></m:oMath><![endif]--> <span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%; font-family: 'Calibri',sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; position: relative; top: 3.0pt; mso-text-raise: -3.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> . High-susceptibility anomalies (>0.05 cgs) extend laterally over 5–20 km and to depths exceeding 1.5 km, aligning with major NE–SW and NW–SE structural corridors. Integration of magnetic depth estimates, structural trends, and inversion results highlights prospective targets for iron oxide–copper–gold (IOCG), skarn-type, and gold-bearing systems. These targets coincide with structurally complex zones near the boundaries of high and low magnetic domains. The results provide a framework for prioritizing mineral exploration in the region.