Ethanol as Renewable Energy for Powering Telecommunications Devices in Benue State: A Comprehensive Review

Authors

  • Bernard Aondofa Atsuwe
    Joseph Sarwuan Tarka University, Makurdi
  • Roy Akpenongun Atser
    Joseph Sarwuan Tarka University, Makurdi
  • Thomas Okoh
    Joseph Sarwuan Tarka University, Makurdi

Keywords:

Benue State, Devices, Ethanol, Powering Telecommunications, Renewable Energy

Abstract

This article provides a comprehensive review of the potential of ethanol as a renewable energy source for powering telecommunications devices in Benue State, Nigeria. With the increasing demand for reliable and sustainable energy solutions to support telecommunications infrastructure, especially in remote and off-grid areas, ethanol emerges as a viable alternative to conventional fossil fuels. The study explores the production, availability, and economic viability of ethanol in Benue State, highlighting its environmental benefits and potential to reduce carbon emissions. Furthermore, the article examines the technical feasibility of integrating ethanol-powered generators into telecommunications systems, addressing challenges such as feedstock availability, production costs, and scalability. The findings suggest that ethanol, derived from abundant agricultural resources in the region, can significantly enhance energy access and sustainability for telecommunications networks, contributing to socio-economic development and environmental conservation. It was recommended amongst others that the government should encourage public and private sector investment in ethanol production facilities to ensure a steady and reliable supply of ethanol for energy generation, Support research initiatives to improve ethanol production efficiency, reduce costs, and develop technologies tailored for ethanol-powered telecommunications devices and Develop and implement policies that promote the use of renewable energy sources, including ethanol, in the telecommunications sector. This could include incentives for companies adopting ethanol-powered systems. 

Author Biographies

Bernard Aondofa Atsuwe

Department of Physics Education, Senior Lecturer

Roy Akpenongun Atser

Department of Electrical Electronics Engineering

Thomas Okoh

Department of Botany, Associate Professor

Dimensions

Abdullah B., Muhammad S., Shokravi Z., Ismail S., Kassim K.A., Mahmood A.N., and Aziz M.M.A. Fourth generation biofuel: a review on risks and mitigation strategies. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2019;107:37–50.

Agency, P.N.E.A., 2013. Trends in global carbon dioxide emissions 2013 report. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvir.2009.04.003.

Alalwan H.A., Alminshid A.H., and Aljaafari H.A. Promising evolution of biofuel generations. Subj Rev Renew Energy Focus. 2019;28:127–39.

Amorin, M.V., Gryschle, M., and Lopes, M.L. (2019). The Success and Sustainability of the Brazilian Sugarcane-Fuel Ethanol Industry. ACS, Capitulo Livro Publication.

Awad, O.I., Mamat, R., Ali, O.M., Sidik, N.A.C., Yusaf, T., Kadirgama, K., Kettner, M., 2017. Alcohol and ether as alternative fuels in spark ignition engine: A review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 0–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser. 2017.09.074.

Azni, M.A., Md Khalid, R., Hasran, U.A., and Kamarudin S.K. Review of the effects of fossil fuels and the need for a hydrogen fuel cell policy in Malaysia. Sustainability. 2023;15(5):4033.

Bae, C., and Kim, J., 2017. Alternative fuels for internal combustion engines. Proc. Combust. Inst. 36, 3389–3413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proci.2016.09.009.

Barrientos, E.J., Anderson, J.E., Maricq, M.M., and Boehman, A.L. 2016. Particulate matter indices using fuel smoke point for vehicle emissions with gasoline, ethanol blends, and butanol blends. Combust. Flame 167, 308–319

Beig, B., Riaz, M., Naqvi, S.R., Hassan, M., Zheng, Z., Karimi, K., and Chi N.T.L. Current challenges and innovative developments in pretreatment of lignocel‑ lulosic residues for biofuel production: a review. Fuel. 2021;287:119670.

Benajes, J., García, A., Monsalve-Serrano, J., and Sari, R.L. 2018. Fuel consumption and engine-out emissions estimations of a light-duty engine running in dual-mode RCCI/CDC with different fuels and driving cycles. Energy 157, 19–30.

Bhasker, J.P., and Porpatham, E. 2017. Effects of compression ratio and hydrogen addition on lean combustion characteristics and emission formation in a compressed natural gas fuelled spark ignition engine. Fuel 208, 260–270.

Bhatt, S.M., Bhatt, S., and Bakshi, A. Economical biofuel production strategies from biomass biowaste. In: Bhatt S, editor. Bioenergy research: integra‑ tive solution for existing roadblock. Berlin: Springer; 2021. p. 1–22.

Chen, J., Li, J., Dong, W., Zhang, X., Tyagi, R.D., Drogui, P., and Surampalli, R.Y. 2018b. The potential of microalgae in biodiesel production. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 90, 336–346. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.03.073.

Chen, Y., Ma, J., Han, B., Zhang, P., Hua, H., Chen, H., and Su, X. 2018c. Emissions of automobiles fueled with alternative fuels based on engine technology: A review. J. Traffic Transp. Eng. (English Ed.).

Dahiya A. Bioenergy: biomass to biofuels and waste to energy. Cam‑ bridge: Academic Press; 2020.

Das, H.S., Salem, M., Zainuri, M.A., Dobi, A.M., Li, S., and Ullah, M.H. A compre‑ hensive review on power conditioning units and control techniques in fuel cell hybrid systems. Energy Rep. 2022;8:14236–58.

Dasan, Y.K., Lam, M.K., Yusup, S., Lim, J.W., and Lee K.T. Life cycle evaluation of microalgae biofuels production: effect of cultivation system on energy, carbon emission and cost balance analysis. Sci Total Environ. 2019;688:112–28.

Dawson K. Plant biotechnology and agriculture. Prospects for the 21st Century. Edited by A. Altman and P. Hasagawa. Waltham, MA and Lon‑ don: Elsevier/Academic Press (2012), pp. 586. ISBN 978‑0‑12‑381466‑1. Exp Agric. 2012;48(4):599–599.

Deng, X., Chen, Z., Wang, X., Zhen, H., and Xie, R. 2018. Exhaust noise, performance and emission characteristics of spark ignition engine fuelled with pure gasoline and hydrous ethanol gasoline blends. Case Stud. Therm. Eng. 12, 55–63.

Deora, P.S., Verma, Y., Muhal, R.A., Goswami, C., and Singh, T. Biofuels: an alternative to conventional fuel and energy source. Mater Today Proc. 2022;48:1178–84.

Dias, D., Antunes, A.P., and Tchepel O. Modeling of emissions and energy use from biofuel fuelled vehicles at urban scale. Sustainability. 2019;11(10):2902.

Doğan, B., Erol, D., Yaman, H., and Kodanli, E. 2017. The effect of ethanol-gasoline blends on performance and exhaust emissions of a spark ignition engine through exergy analysis. Appl. Therm. Eng. 120, 433–443. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.04.012.

Duarah, P., Haldar, D., Patel, A.K., Dong, C.D., Singhania, R.R., and Purkait, M.K. A review on global perspectives of sustainable development in bioen‑ ergy generation. Biores Technol. 2022;348:126791.

DuPont, G.K., Oliveira, M.M., Clerici, N.J., Serafini, C.G., Daroit, D.J., and Wenzel, B.M. Kinetic modeling and improvement of methane production from the anaerobic codigestion of swine manure and cassava bagasse. Biomass Bioenerg. 2023;176:106900.

Dwivedi, G., Pillai, S., and Shukla, A.K. Study of performance and emissions of engines fueled by biofuels and its blends. In: Methanol and the alter‑ nate fuel economy. Singapore: Springer Singapore; 2019. p. 77–106.

Elfasakhany, A., 2018. Exhaust emissions and performance of ternary iso-butanol–bio-methanol–gasoline and n-butanol–bio-ethanol–gasoline fuel blends in spark-ignition engines: assessment and comparison. Energy.

Emily, N., Clerk, M.C., Vimmerstedt, L., Peterson, S., Dallas, B., Korotney, D., and Inman, D. Ethanol Production in the United States: The Roles of Policy, Price, and Demand. Energy Policy (ELSEVIER) 161 (2022) 112713, 1-10.

Ghadikolaei, M.A., 2016. Effect of alcohol blend and fumigation on regulated and unregulated emissions of IC engines—a review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 57, 1440–1495.

Ghadikolaei, M.A., Cheung, C.S., and Yung, K.-F. 2018. Study of combustion, perfor-mance and emissions of diesel engine fueled with diesel/biodiesel/alcohol blends having the same oxygen concentration. Energy 157, 258–269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.05.164.

Gielen, D., Boshell, F., Saygin, D., Bazilian, M.D., Wagner, N., and Gorini, R. The role of renewable energy in the global energy transformation. Energ Strat Rev. 2019;24:38–50.

Guo, M., Li, C., Facciotto, G., Bergante, S., Bhatia, R., Comolli, R., and Murphy, R. Bioethanol from poplar clone Imola: an environmentally viable alterna‑ tive to fossil fuel. Biotechnol Biofuels. 2015;8:1–21.

Hossain E. Energy sources on earth. In: The sun, energy, and climate change. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland; 2023. p. 69–122.

Hossain E. The sun, energy, and climate change. Berlin: Springer Nature; 2023.

Hoseinpour, M., Sadrnia, H., Tabasizadeh, M., and Ghobadian, B. 2018. Evaluation of the effect of gasoline fumigation on performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with b20 using an experimental investigation and TOPSIS method. Fuel 223, 277–285.

International Energy Agency (IEA). Renewables 2021—Analysis and forecast to 2026. Paris: IEA; 2021.

International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). Global renewables outlook: energy transformation 2050. Abu Dhabi: IRENA; 2020.

Iodice, P., Langella, G., and Amoresano, A. 2018. Ethanol in gasoline fuel blends: Effect on fuel consumption and engine out emissions of SI engines in cold operating conditions. Appl. Therm. Eng. 130, 1081–1089.

Iodice, P., Senatore, A., Langella, G., and Amoresano, A. 2016. Effect of ethanol– gasoline blends on CO and HC emissions in last generation SI engines within the cold-start transient: An experimental investigation. Appl. Energy 179, 182–190.

IPCC. Special report on renewable energy sources and climate change mitigation. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press; 2011.

IRENA – International Renewable Energy Agency, (2024)

Jaanvi, G., Aksay, J., Avadhoot, A.M., Bhaskor, J.B., Prabhakar, S., Bhaskar, J.M., and Debrata, B. (2023). Critical Review on Ethanol Producing Feedstock and Methods. Materials Research Proceedings 31, 366-375.

Jamuwa, D.K., Sharma, D., and Soni, S.L., 2016. Experimental investigation of performance, exhaust emission and combustion parameters of stationary compression ignition engine using ethanol fumigation in dual fuel mode. Energy Convers. Manag. 115, 221–231.

Jeswani, H.K., Chilvers, A., and Azapagic, A. Environmental sustainability of biofuels: a review. Proc Royal Soc A. 2020;476(2243):20200351.

Jiang, W., Brueggeman, A.J., Horken, K.M., Plucinak, T.M., and Weeks, D.P. Successful transient expression of Cas9 and single guide RNA genes in Chla‑ mydomonas reinhardtii. Eukaryot Cell. 2014;13(11):1465–9.

Jiaqiang, E., Pham, M., Zhao, D., Deng, Y., Le, D., Zuo, W., Zhu, H., Liu, T., Peng, Q., and Zhang, Z. 2017. Effect of different technologies on combustion and emissions of the diesel engine fueled with biodiesel: A review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 80, 620–647.

Johnson E. Goodbye to carbon neutral: getting biomass footprints right. Environ Impact Assess Rev. 2009;29(3):165–8.

Johnsson, F., Kjärstad, J., and Rootzén, J. The threat to climate change mitigation posed by the abundance of fossil fuels. Climate Policy. 2019;19(2):258–74.

Khan, M.A.H., Bonifacio, S., Clowes, J., Foulds, A., Holland, R., Matthews, J.C., and Shallcross, D.E. Investigation of biofuel as a potential renewable energy source. Atmosphere. 2021;12(10):1289.

Khatun M, Hossain ATMS, Sayem HM. Climate variability & establish‑ ment of rainfall threshold line for landslide hazards in Rangamati Bangladesh. Open J Geol. 2023;13(9):959–79.

Khoo KS, Ahmad I, Chew KW, Iwamoto K, Bhatnagar A, Show PL. Enhanced microalgal lipid production for biofuel using different strategies including genetic modification of microalgae: a review. Prog Energy Combust Sci. 2023;96:101071.

Khoo KS, Lee SY, Ooi CW, Fu X, Miao X, Ling TC, Show PL. Recent advances in biorefinery of astaxanthin from Hematococcus pluvialis. Biores Technol. 2019;288:121606.

Kumar B, Bhardwaj N, Agrawal K, Chaturvedi V, Verma P. Current perspective on pretreatment technologies using lignocellulosic biomass: an emerging biorefinery concept. Fuel Process Technol. 2020;199:106244.

Li C, Jia T, Wang H, Wang X, Negnevitsky M, Hu YJ, Wang L. Assessing the prospect of deploying green methanol vehicles in China from energy, environmental and economic perspectives. Energy. 2023;263:125967.

Li S, Wu Y, Dao MU, Dragoi EN, Xia C. Spotlighting of the role of catalysis for biomass conversion to green fuels toward a sustainable environ‑ ment: latest innovation avenues, insights, challenges, and future perspectives. Chemosphere. 2023;318:137954.

Li Y, Wang X, Imran A, Aslam MU, Mehmood U. Analyzing the contribution of renewable energy and natural resources for sustainability in G‑20 countries: how gross capital formation impacts ecological footprints. Heliyon. 2023;9(8): e18882.

Li, Y., Chen, Y., Wu, G., Lee, C.F., Liu, J., 2018a. Experimental comparison of acetone-n-butanol-ethanol (ABE) and isopropanol-n-butanol-ethanol (IBE) as fuel candidate in spark-ignition engine. Appl. Therm. Eng. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.12.132.

Li, Y., Chen, Y., Wu, G., Liu, J., 2018b. Experimental evaluation of water-containing isopropanol-n-butanol-ethanol and gasoline blend as a fuel candidate in spark-ignition engine. Appl. Energy 219, 42–52.

Li, Y., Gong, J., Deng, Y., Yuan, W., Fu, J., Zhang, B., 2017. Experimental com-parative study on combustion, performance and emissions characteristics of methanol, ethanol and butanol in a spark ignition engine. Appl. Therm. Eng. 115, 53–63.

Li, G., Liu, Z., Lee, T.H., Lee, C.F., Zhang, C., 2018c. Effects of dilute gas on combustion and emission characteristics of a common-rail diesel engine fueled with isopropanol-butanol-ethanol and diesel blends. Energy Convers. Manag. 165, 373–381.

Li, Y., Meng, L., Nithyanandan, K., Lee, T.H., Lin, Y., Lee, C.F., Liao, S., 2016. Combustion, performance and emissions characteristics of a spark-ignition engine fueled with isopropanol-n-butanol-ethanol and gasoline blends. Fuel 184, 864–872. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2016.07.063.

Li, M., Xu, J., Xie, H., Wang, Y., 2018d. Transport biofuels technological paradigm based conversion approaches towards a bio-electric energy framework. Energy Convers. Manag. 172, 554–566.

Liew F, Martin ME, Tappel RC, Heijstra BD, Mihalcea C, Köpke M. Gas fermentation—a flexible platform for commercial scale production of low‑carbon‑fuels and chemicals from waste and renewable feedstocks. Front Microbiol. 2016;7:694.

Liu, K., Li, Y., Yang, J., Deng, B., Feng, R., Huang, Y., 2018b. Comprehensive study of key operating parameters on combustion characteristics of butanol-gasoline blends in a high speed SI engine. Appl. Energy 212, 13–32.

Liu, X., Wang, H., Zheng, Z., Liu, J., Reitz, R.D., Yao, M., 2016. Development of a combined reduced primary reference fuel-alcohols (methanol/ethanol/propanols/butanols/n-pentanol) mechanism for engine applications. Energy 114, 542–558.

Mat Aron NS, Khoo KS, Chew KW, Show PL, Chen WH, Nguyen THP. Sustainability of the four generations of biofuels–a review. Int J Energy Res. 2020;44(12):9266–82.

Malik JA. Microbes and microbial biotechnology for green remediation. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2022.

Mohammadi M, Najafpour GD, Younesi H, Lahijani P, Uzir MH, MohamedAR. Bioconversion of synthesis gas to second generation biofuels: a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2011;15(9):4255–73.

Moula, M.M.E., Nyári, J., Bartel, A., 2017. Public acceptance of biofuels in the transport sector in Finland. Int. J. Sustain. Built Environ. 6, 434–441.

Mourad, M., Mahmoud, K.R.M., 2018. Performance investigation of passenger vehicle fueled by propanol/gasoline blend according to a city driving cycle. Energy 149, 741–749.

Najafi, G., Ghobadian, B., Moosavian, A., Yusaf, T., Mamat, R., Kettner, M., Azmi, W.H., 2016. SVM And ANFIS for prediction of performance and exhaust emissions of a SI engine with gasoline–ethanol blended fuels. Appl. Therm. Eng. 95, 186–203.

Naji SZ, Tye CT, Abd AA. State of the art of vegetable oil transformation into biofuels using catalytic cracking technology: recent trends and future perspectives. Process Biochem. 2021;109:148–68.

Neto JM, Komesu A, Martins LHDS, Gonçalves VO, De Oliveira JAR, Rai M. Third‑generation biofuels: an overview. Sustain Biofuel Biomass. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429265099‑14.

Niti, A. Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas. Roadmap for Ethanol Blending in India 2020-2025. Report of the Expert committee, June 2021.

Noor, C.W.M., Noor, M.M., Mamat, R., 2018. Biodiesel as alternative fuel for marine diesel engine applications: A review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 94, 127–142.

Pandey A, Lee DJ, Chang JS, Chisti Y, Soccol CR. Biomass, biofuels, BOOK, biochemicals: biofuels from algae. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2018.

Paramati SR, Shahzad U, Doğan B. The role of environmental technol‑ ogy for energy demand and energy eficiency: evidence from OECD countries. Renew Sustain Energy Rev. 2022;153:111735.

Pham, P.X., Vo, D.Q., Jazar, R.N., 2017. Development of fuel metering techniques for spark ignition engines. Fuel 206, 701–715.

Polat, S., 2016. An experimental study on combustion, engine performance and exhaust emissions in a HCCI engine fuelled with diethyl ether–ethanol fuel blends. Fuel Process. Technol. 143, 140–150.

Polvani LM, Previdi M, England MR, Chiodo G, Smith KL. Substantial twenti‑ eth‑century Arctic warming caused by ozone‑depleting substances. Nat Clim Chang. 2020;10(2):130–3.

Rai AK, Al Makishah NH, Wen Z, Gupta G, Pandit S, Prasad R. Recent develop‑ ments in lignocellulosic biofuels, a renewable source of bioenergy. Fermentation. 2022;8(4):161.

Rame R, Purwanto P, Sudarno S. Biotechnological approaches in utilizing agro‑waste for biofuel production: an extensive review on techniques and challenges. Bioresour Technol Rep. 2023;24:101662.

Ramasamy, D., Goh, C.Y., Kadirgama, K., Benedict, F., Noor, M.M., Najafi, G., Carlucci, A.P., 2017. Engine performance, exhaust emission and combustion analysis of a 4-stroke spark ignited engine using dual fuel injection. Fuel 207, 719–728.

RFA 2022. Pocket Guide to Ethanol. Renewable Fuels Association.

Rutz, D., & Janssen, R. (2007). Biofuel technology handbook. WIP Renewable energies, 95.

Safari GH, Safari M, Moussakhani N. An overview of production sources, advantages and disadvantages of biofuels as a renewable energy source. J Environ Sci Stud. 2024;9(1):8054–71.

Saon, R, Amrita, G, Smita, M. (2011). Ethanol Blending Policy: Issues Related to Pricing. ICRIER Policy Series, No. 10. December 2011.

Sathiyamoorthi, R., Sankaranarayanan, G., 2017. The effects of using ethanol as additive on the combustion and emissions of a direct injection diesel engine fuelled with neat lemongrass oil-diesel fuel blend. Renew. Energy 101, 747–756. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2016.09.044.

Sathiyamoorthi, R., Sankaranarayanan, G., Chiranjeevi, T., Kumar, D.D., 2019. Experimental investigation on performance, combustion and emission char-acteristics of a single cylinder diesel engine fuelled by biodiesel derived from cymbopogon martinii. Renew. Energy 132, 394–415.

Schifter, I., González, U., Díaz, L., Sánchez-Reyna, G., Mejía-Centeno, I., González-Macías, C., 2017. Comparison of performance and emissions for gasoline-oxygenated blends up to 20 percent oxygen and implications for combustion on a spark-ignited engine. Fuel 208, 673–681. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2017.07.065.

Shahbaz M, Topcu BA, Sarıgül SS, Vo XV. The effect of financial development on renewable energy demand: the case of developing countries. Renew‑ able Energy. 2021;178:1370–80.

Shahid MK, Batool A, Kashif A, Nawaz MH, Aslam M, Iqbal N, Choi Y. Biofuels and biorefineries: Development, application and future perspectives emphasizing the environmental and economic aspects. J Environ Man‑ age. 2021;297:113268.

Sharma S, Kundu A, Basu S, Shetti NP, Aminabhavi TM. Sustainable environ‑ mental management and related biofuel technologies. J Environ Manage. 2020;273:111096.

Soeder DJ. Fracking and the environment: a scientific assessment of the environmental risks from hydraulic fracturing and fossil fuels. Berlin: Springer Nature; 2020.

Sofian ADABA, Lim HR, Munawaroh HSH, Ma Z, Chew KW, Show PL. Machine learning and the renewable energy revolution: exploring solar and wind energy solutions for a sustainable future including innovations in energy storage. Sustain Dev. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2885.

Streimikiene D, Akberdina V. Public views of the economy of the renewable energy sources: evidence from Russia. Contemp Econ. 2021;15:256–66.

Tamilselvan, P., Nallusamy, N., Rajkumar, S., 2017. A comprehensive review on performance; combustion and emission characteristics of biodiesel fuelled diesel engines. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 1134–1159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.176.

Thakur, A.K., Kaviti, A.K., Mehra, R., Mer, K.K.S., 2017. Progress in performance analysis of ethanol-gasoline blends on SI engine. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 69, 324–340.

Umakanth AV, Datta A, Reddy BS, Bardhan S. Biomass feedstocks for advanced biofuels: sustainability and supply chain management. Adv Bio‑ fuel Technol. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978‑0‑323‑88427‑3.00023‑4.

USDAS 2018. A- life Cycle Analysis of the Green House Gas Emissions from Corn-Based Ethanol. Report Prepared by ICF, 17251(EYE) Street Washington DC, 2006.

USDE Ethanol Fuel Basics, Alternative Fuels Data Centre. Retrieved 3-03-2025.

Van Ruijven BJ, De Cian E, Sue Wing I. Amplification of future energy demand growth due to climate change. Nat Commun. 2019;10(1):2762.

Vivoda V, Krame G, Spraggon M. Oil theft, energy security and energy transi‑ tion in Mexico. Resources. 2023;12(2):30.

Wu, B., Wang, L., Shen, X., Yan, R., Dong, P., 2016. Comparison of lean burn characteristics of an SI engine fueled with methanol and gasoline under idle condition. Appl. Therm. Eng. 95, 264–270.

Yan, X.H., Gao, P., Zhao, G., Shi, L., Xu, J.B., Zhao, T.S., 2017a. Transport of highly concentrated fuel in direct methanol fuel cells. Appl. Therm. Eng. 126, 290–295.

Yerrennagoudaru, H., Manjunatha, K., Raza, A., Kantharaj, B.R., Mujahed, A., Irshad, K., 2018b. Analysis and comparison of performance and emissions of compression ignition engine fuelled with diesel and different bio-fuels blended with methanol. Mater. Today Proc. 5, 5175–5185. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j.matpr.2017.12.099.

Yilmaz, İ., Taştan, M., 2018. Investigation of hydrogen addition to methanol-gasoline blends in an SI engine. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 43, 20252–20261.

Yusri, I.M., Abdul Majeed, A.P.P., Mamat, R., Ghazali, M.F., Awad, O.I., Azmi, W.H., 2018. A review on the application of response surface method and artificial neural network in engine performance and exhaust emissions characteristics in alternative fuel. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 90, 665–686. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.03.095.

Yusri, I.M., Mamat, R., Najafi, G., Razman, A., Awad, O.I., Azmi, W.H., Ishak, W.F.W., Shaiful, A.I.M., 2017. Alcohol based automotive fuels from first four alcohol family in compression and spark ignition engine: a review on engine performance and exhaust emissions. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 77, 169–181.

Yusri, I.M., Mamat, R., Azmi, W.H., Najafi, G., Sidik, N.A.C., Awad, O.I., 2016. Experimental investigation of combustion, emissions and thermal balance of secondary butyl alcohol-gasoline blends in a spark ignition engine. Energy Convers. Manag. 123, 1–14.

Zhang, B., Sarathy, S.M., 2016. Lifecycle optimized ethanol-gasoline blends for turbocharged engines. Appl. Energy 181, 38–53.

Published

2025-07-03

How to Cite

Atsuwe, B. A., Atser, R. A., & Okoh, T. (2025). Ethanol as Renewable Energy for Powering Telecommunications Devices in Benue State: A Comprehensive Review. Nigerian Journal of Physics, 34(2), 1-27. https://doi.org/10.62292/10.62292/njp.v34i2.2025.367

Issue

Vol. 34 No. 2 (2025): Nigerian Journal of Physics - Vol. 34 No. 2

Section

Review Articles
Copyright & Licensing

How to Cite

Atsuwe, B. A., Atser, R. A., & Okoh, T. (2025). Ethanol as Renewable Energy for Powering Telecommunications Devices in Benue State: A Comprehensive Review. Nigerian Journal of Physics, 34(2), 1-27. https://doi.org/10.62292/10.62292/njp.v34i2.2025.367

Most read articles by the same author(s)