Empirical Estimation of Received Signal Strength, Multipath Fading, and Delay Spread in a 5G Urban Deployment in Nigeria

Abstract

As 5G networks are being deployed globally, it is critical to understand their radio propagation characteristics, particularly in complicated metropolitan contexts, in order to guarantee optimal network design and optimization. This study presents an empirical assessment of key performance indicators such as Received Signal Strength (RSS), multipath fading, and delay spread in a 5G urban deployment in Abuja, Nigeria. Using realistic propagation models and measurement scenarios in densely built-up areas, the study evaluates how urban morphology influences signal degradation and variability. Results indicate that RSS deteriorates significantly with distance, with values decreasing from 53.90 dBm at 100 meters to 4.75 dBm at 1100 meters. Concurrently, path loss and multipath fading increase with distance, demonstrating the pronounced effect of reflections, shadowing, and scattering in urban environments. Delay spread and Doppler spread also show increasing trends, confirming heightened multipath effects and mobility-induced variability. The findings underscore the need for dense cell deployments and advanced signal processing techniques to maintain signal integrity and coverage in 5G networks across complex urban landscapes. This work provides critical insights for optimizing 5G deployments in Nigeria and similar urban environments across developing nations.