Radiological Safety Assessment of Tailings Extracted from Kaolin Mining Sites in Katsina State
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Abstract
This research was carried out to sufficiently justify the recent increased awareness and concern for the potential hazards associated NORMs in the environment of the research around Kankara and Dutsin-ma Kaolin mining sites Katsina State; Nine (09) Kaolin samples were collected randomly from the mining sites for the study. The radioactivity analysis was done experimentally using NaI(TI) gamma spectrometer at Center for energy research and training, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria. The health hazards were evaluated using numerous radiological, Statistical and USEPA models. The overall hazard index (HI) was found to be 1.496609 for children found in third sampling point of Yar-goje are; it is the only possibility of a children to be affected while 0.799486 for adults, this value was below the USEPA threshold limit for non-carcinogenic risks of 1.0 indicating that the exposed population ages are unlikely to experience any adverse non-carcinogenic risks. The radiological parameters obtained are 226Ra (238U), 232Th and 40K of a NORMs with activity concentration of is 100.889, 0.129 and 224.040 (Bqkg-1) in the soil samples, at the studied area. Absorbed frequency in air measured in nGy/h by one-meter directly above the crushed, was considered, since the forbidding radioactivity concentrations is obtained as 77.575 while the total annual effective dose (AED) in mSv/y had average value of 0.099 in soil. The values obtained for external and internal radiological hazard indices Hext and Hint are 0.471 and 0.741 in soil; which were lower than the UNSCEAR suggested boundary limit of unity. Lastly, the overall excess lifetime cancer menace owed to NORMs, stood as 5.63E-06 and 4.15E-06 for whole populations indicating that (a maximum of 6 people/1 million may be affected) for adults while (a maximum of 4 people /1 million may be affected) for children. These values were within the USEPA threshold of 1E-04.
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Adagunodo T.A., Sunmonu L.A., Adabanija M.A., Omeje M., Odetunmibi O.A., Ijeh V. (2019). Statistical Assessment of Radiation Exposure Risks of Farmers in Odo Oba, Southwestern Nigeria.Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration, http://dx.doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.495321.
Adagunodo T.A., Sunmonu L.A., Adabanija M.A., Suleiman E.A., Odetunmibi O.A. (2017). Geoexploration of Radioelement’s Datasets in a Flood Plain of Crystalline Bedrock. Data in Brief, 15C: 809 – 820. Published by Elsevier. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2017.10.046.
Addo, M. A., Darko, E. O., Gordon, C., Nyarko, B. J. B., (2013). A Preliminary Study of Natural Radioactivity Ingestion from Cassava Grown and Consumed by Inhabitants Around a Cement Production Facility in the Volta region, Ghana. International Journal Of Environmental Sciences.3(6).
Ademola J.A. (2005) Radionuclide content of concrete building blocks and radiation dose rates in some dwellings in Ibadan, Nigeria, J. Environ. Radioact.81, 107-113.
Ademola J.A., Ayeni A.A. (2010) Measurement of natural radionuclides and dose assessment of granites from Ondo State, Nigeria, Radioprotection 45, 515-521.
Alan, M. and Samuel, A. (1992). An Introduction to Radiation Protection.London, New York pp. 6-9.
Al-Hamarneh, I. F and Awadallah, M.I. (2009). Soil Radioactivity Levels and radiation Hazard Assessment in the highlands of Northern Jordes. Radiation measurement 44, 102-11.
Amadi, A. N., Ebieme, E. E., Musa, A., Olashinde, P. I., Ameh, I. M. And Shuaibu, A. M (2017). Utility of pollution indices in assessment of soil quality around Madaga gold mining site, Niger state, north-central Nigeria. Ife Journal of Science. 19 (2): 417-430.
ASTM. (1986). Recommended practice for investigation and sampling soil and rock for engineering purposes, In: Annual Book of ASTM Standards; (04/08), American Society for Testing Materials, Report No. D, 420 (PA: ASTM).
Avwiri, G.O., Ononugbo, C.P., Nwokeoji, I.E., (2014). Radiation Hazard Indices and Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk in Soil, Sediment and Water Around Mini-Okoro/Oginigba Creek, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. Comprehensive Journal of Environment and Earth Sciences. 3(1), pp. 38-50. ISSN-2315-7488
Awodugba, A., Abioye, A., Adekunle, D., Ologun, O., Oyekunle, I., Oni, O., and Tchokossa, P., (2011). Basement Data of the Terrestrial Radionuclide Level of Abuja Federal Capital Territory, (FCT), Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Protection. 2(1) pp 359-364.
Banzi, F.P., Kifanga, L.D. and Bundala, F.M. (2000). Natural radioactivity and radiation exposure at the Minjingu Phosphate mine in Tanzania. Journal of Radiological Protection. 20: 41-51.
Cember, H (1996): Introduction to health physics. Mc Graw Hill. Health Professional. Davis
Cember, H., and Johnson, T. E., (2009). Introduction to Health Physics (4th Ed.) The McGraw-Hill Companies New York, USA.
Chakraborty, S.R., Azim, R., Rezaur Rahman, A.K.M., and Sarker, R., (2013). Radioactivity Concentrations in Soil and Transfer Factors of Radionuclides from Soil to Grass and Plants in the Chittagong City of Bangladesh. Journal of Physical Science. 24(1), pp. 95–113.
Dar, M. A., and El-Saman, M., (2012). The Radiation Hazards of some Radio-Elements in Petroleum and Phosphate Regions along the Red Sea, Egypt. Third International Conference on Radiation Sciences and Applications at Hurghada, Egypt between 12 -16 November, 2012. Pp 650-672.
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Faanu, A., (2011). Assessment of Public Exposure to Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materialsfrom Mining and Mineral Processing Activities of Tarkwa Goldmine in Ghana. PhD thesis (Department of Chemistry). Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi (Unpublished).
Gambo, N., (2014). Examination of Natural Radioactivity in Building Materials in Katsina State Using Gamma Ray Spectroscopy: A Case Study of Building Block. MSc Thesis (Department of Physics). Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria. (Unpublished).
Garcia, J.C., Plaza, C., Soler-Rovira, P., Polo, A. (2000). Long-term effects of Municipal Solid Waste Compost Application on soil enzyme activities and microbial biomass. Soil and Biochemistry. 32.1907- 1913.
Gaso, M.I., Segovia, N., Morton, O. (2005). Environmental impact assessment of uranium ore mining and radioactive waste around a storage centre from Mexico. Radioprotection, Suppl. 1, Vol. 40: S739-S745. DOI: 10.1051/radiopro: 2005s1-108.
Gbenu, S. T., (2011). Radiological Effects of Quarry Products in Southwestern Nigeria. M.Sc. Thesis (Department of Physics). Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. (Unpublished).
Gilmore, G. R., (2008). Practical Gamma-ray Spectrometry (2nd Ed). John Wiley & Sons Ltd. The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, England.
Hafezi, S., Amidi, J. and Attarilar, A., (2005). Concentration of natural radionuclides in soil and essential exposure to the public in Tehran, Iran. Journal of Radiation Resource. 3(2) pp 85-88.
Hall E. J., (2000). Radiobiology for the Radiologist. Fifth edition. ISBN 0-7817-2649-2.
IAEA (2001). Working materials; the assessment of occupational protection conditions in workplaces with high levels of exposure to natural radiation. Report from Technical Committee Meeting, Vienna, Austria.
IAEA, (1986). International Atomic Energy Agency, Measurement of Radionuclides in Food and The Environment A Guide book. IAEA Vienna Australia. Technical Reports Series No. 295.
IAEA, (2002). Safety Standard Series Management of radioactive waste from the mining and milling of ores. No WS-G, 1.2, 27.
IAEA, (2003). International Atomic Ene rgy Agency, Guidelines for radioelement mapping using gamma ray spectrometry data, IAEA Vienna Australia.
IAEA. (2003a). Extent of Environmental Contamination by NORMs and Technological Options for Mitigation. Technical Reports Series No.419.
IAEA. (2003) (b). Guidelines for radioelement mapping using gamma ray spectrometry data. Viena, Austria.
IAEA. (2004). Soil sampling for environmental contaminants, IAEA-TECDOC-1415, Austria.
IAEA. (2005). Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (IV), Proceedings of an International Conference Held in Vienna, IAEA-TECDOC-1472, Poland.
Ibrahim H.S., Hafez, A. F., Elanany, N. H., Motaweh, H. A., and Naim, M. A., (2006). Radiological Study on Soils, Foodstuff and Fertilizers in the Alexandria Region, Egypt, Turkish Journal of Engineering and. Environmental Sciences. 30(5) pp1–9.
ICRP Report (2006-2009). Revision 1, recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection, ICRP Publication 103, Pergamon Press, Oxford. Pp 69-72, 2009-09-01.
ICRP., (2007). International Committee on Radiation Protection. International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements: Recommendations, 1991. Report No. 60. New York, Pergamon press.
Jibiri, N. N., Agomuo, J. C. (2007). Trace Elements and Radioactivity Measurements In Some Terrestrial Food Crops In Jos-Plateau, North Central, Nigeria. An article of Radiation Protection. 42 (1) pp 29-42.
Jibiri, N.N and Temaugee, S.T (2013). Radionuclide contents in raw minerals and soil samples and the associated radiological risk from some mining sites in Benue State North-Central Nigeria. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research. 4 (7): 2392-2400
Jwanbot, D. I., Izam, M. M., Nyam, G. G., and John, H. N., (2003). Radionuclides Analysis of Some Soils and Food Crops in Barkin-Ladi LGA Plateau State-Nigeria. Journal of Environment and Earth Science.3 (3).
Kaniu M.I., Angeyo K.H., Darby I.G. (2018). Occurrence and multivariate exploratory analysis of the natural radioactivity anomaly in the south coastal region of Kenya. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 146: 34 - 41.
Kebwaro, M. (2009). Gamma ray spectrometric analysis of surface soils around Mrima Hill, Kenya, using NaI(TI) detector and decomposition technique. Msc Thesis (Department of Physics). Kenyatta University. Kenya. (Unpublished).
Kolo, M. T., (2014). Natural Radioactivity and Risk Assessment of Sokoto Phosphate Rock Northwestern Nigeria, African Journal of Environmental Science And Technology. 8(9) pp. 532-53.
Lipsztein, J.L., Dacunha, K.M., Azeredo, A.M., Juliao, L., Santos, M., Melo, D.R. (2001). Exposure of workers in mineral processing industries in Brazil. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity. 54:189-99.
Merita, X., (2003). New Gamma-Ray Spectrometry Methods for Estimating K-40, U-235, And Th-232 Concentrations in Rocks of the Sardinia Batholith. A PhD Dissertation. (School of Natural Science) University of Sassari, Italy (Unpublished).
Monika, Ś., Petryka, L., and Zych, M., (2010). Natural Radioactivity of Soil and Sediment Samples Collected from Postindustrial Area. Polish Journal of Environmental.Studies.19 (5) pp.1095-1099.
Nwoke, J. E., (2006). Measurement of Gross Alpha and Beta Radioactivity in River Kaduna. MSc Thesis (Department of Physics). Ahmadu Bello University Zaria Nigeria (Unpublished).
Obaje, N. G., (2009). Geology And Mineral Resources of Nigeria. Lecture Notes on Earth Sciences. Published By Springer Verlag Barlin Heidelherg. pp. 219
Olomo, J.B., Akinloye, M.K., Balogun, F.A., 1994. Distribution of gamma emitting-natural radionuclides in soils and water around nuclear research establishments, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research. Section A 353, pp553-557.
Omeje M., Adewoyin O.O., Joel E.S., Ehi-Eromosele C.O., Emenike C.P., Usikalu M.R., Akinwumi S.A., Zai di E., Mohammad A.S. (2018). Natural radioactivity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in commercial building materials and their lifetime cancer risk assessment in dwellers. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 24(8): 2036- 2053. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2018.1438171.
Osoro M., Rathore I., Mangala M. and Mustapha A. (2011). Radioactivity in Surface Soils around the Proposed Sites for Titanium Mining Project in Kenya, Journal of Environmental Protection (1) pp460-464.
Rabiu A., (2013). Analysis of Activity Concentrations Due to Natural Radionuclides in the Sediment, Fish and Water of Kainji Lake. M.Sc. Thesis (Department of Physics). Ahmadu BelloUniversity Zaria Nigeria (Unpublished).
Ramasamy, V., Senthil S., Meenakshisundaram, V. and Gajendran, V. (2009). Measurement of natural radioactivity in beach sediments from north east coast of Tamilnadu, India, Resource Journal of Applied Science and Engineering Technology.1 (2): 54-58.
Region, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China Omeje M., Adagunodo T.A., Akinwumi S.A., Adewoyin O.O., Joel E.S., Husin W. and Mohd S.H. (2019).Investigation of Driller’s Exposure to Natural Radioactivity and its Radiological Risks in Low Latitude Region using Neutron Activation Analysis. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 10(1): 1897 – 1920.
Saidu, A., and Ike, E. E., (2013). Survey of Gross Alpha Radioactivity in Bore Hole and Well Water in Sokoto City North-Western Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Science, 20(3) pp20-26. ISSN 0794-5698
Sharma, B. K. (2004). Industrial Chemistry; Including Chemical Engineering Goel Publishing House Merut, pp.234-265.
Thompson, M. A., (2012). Determination of 226Ra in Fish Using Liquid Scintillation Analysis. MSc Thesis (Department of Medical Physics). McMaster University Hamilton, Ontario (Unpublished).
Tsoulfanidis, N., (2005). Measurement and Detection of Radiation (2nd Ed) Taylor & Francis USA Protectection.
Tufail, M., Akhtar, N., Javied, S. and Hamid, T. (2007). Natural radioactivity hazards of building bricks fabricated from saline soil of two districts of Pakistan, Journal of Radiological Protection. Vol27. pp 481-492.
Turner, J. E., (2007). Atoms, Radiation, and Radiation Protection (3rd Ed). Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & CO KGaA.
Tzortzis, M., Tsetos, H., (2004). A comprehensive study of natural gamma radioactivity levels and associated dose rates from surface soils in cyprus. Journal of Radiation and Dosimetry.109 pp 217-24
Umar, A.M., Onimisi, M.Y., and Jonah, S.A., (2012). Baseline Measurement of Natural Radioactivity in Soil, Vegetation and Water in the Industrial District of the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) Abuja, Nigeria. British Journal of Applied Science & Technology.2(3):pp266-274.
Umar, S., Zakari, I.Y., Abdulkarim, M. S., (2013).Determination of Natural Radioactivity levels using Gamma-ray Spectrometry. International Journal of Engineering Science Invention. 2 (7), pp. 5-8.
UNSCEAR (2000). United Nations Scientific of Committee on the Effect of atomic Radiation. Effects and risks of ionizing radiation, United Nations, New York.
Usikalu M.R., Oderinde A., Adagunodo T.A. and Akinpelu A. (2018).Radioactivity Concentration and Dose Assessment of Soil Samples in Cement Factory and Environs in Ogun State, Nigeria. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 9(9): 1047- 1059.
Usman, N. M., (2015). Radiological Assessment of Water and Sediments of Zobe Dam Dutsinma in Katsina State for Natural Radionuclides. MSc Thesis (Department of Physics). Ahmadu BelloUniversity Zaria Nigeria (Unpublished).
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Yanguatin, H., Tobon, J., Ramirez, J. (2017). Pozzolanic reactivity of kaolin clays, a rAdagunodo T.A., Sunmonu L.A., Adabanija M.A., Omeje M., Odetunmibi O.A., Ijeh V. (2019). Statistical Assessment of Radiation Exposure Risks of Farmers in Odo Oba, Southwestern Nigeria.Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration, http://dx.doi.org/10.19111/bulletinofmre.495321.
Adagunodo T.A., Sunmonu L.A., Adabanija M.A., Suleiman E.A., Odetunmibi O.A. (2017). Geoexploration of Radioelement’s Datasets in a Flood Plain of Crystalline Bedrock. Data in Brief, 15C: 809 – 820. Published by Elsevier. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2017.10.046.
Addo, M. A., Darko, E. O., Gordon, C., Nyarko, B. J. B., (2013). A Preliminary Study of Natural Radioactivity Ingestion from Cassava Grown and Consumed by Inhabitants Around a Cement Production Facility in the Volta region, Ghana. International Journal Of Environmental Sciences.3(6).
Ademola J.A. (2005) Radionuclide content of concrete building blocks and radiation dose rates in some dwellings in Ibadan, Nigeria, J. Environ. Radioact.81, 107-113.
Ademola J.A., Ayeni A.A. (2010) Measurement of natural radionuclides and dose assessment of granites from Ondo State, Nigeria, Radioprotection 45, 515-521.
Alan, M. and Samuel, A. (1992). An Introduction to Radiation Protection.London, New York pp. 6-9.
Al-Hamarneh, I. F and Awadallah, M.I. (2009). Soil Radioactivity Levels and radiation Hazard Assessment in the highlands of Northern Jordes. Radiation measurement 44, 102-11.
Amadi, A. N., Ebieme, E. E., Musa, A., Olashinde, P. I., Ameh, I. M. And Shuaibu, A. M (2017). Utility of pollution indices in assessment of soil quality around Madaga gold mining site, Niger state, north-central Nigeria. Ife Journal of Science. 19 (2): 417-430.
ASTM. (1986). Recommended practice for investigation and sampling soil and rock for engineering purposes, In: Annual Book of ASTM Standards; (04/08), American Society for Testing Materials, Report No. D, 420 (PA: ASTM).
Avwiri, G.O., Ononugbo, C.P., Nwokeoji, I.E., (2014). Radiation Hazard Indices and Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk in Soil, Sediment and Water Around Mini-Okoro/Oginigba Creek, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. Comprehensive Journal of Environment and Earth Sciences. 3(1), pp. 38-50. ISSN-2315-7488
Awodugba, A., Abioye, A., Adekunle, D., Ologun, O., Oyekunle, I., Oni, O., and Tchokossa, P., (2011). Basement Data of the Terrestrial Radionuclide Level of Abuja Federal Capital Territory, (FCT), Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Protection. 2(1) pp 359-364.
Banzi, F.P., Kifanga, L.D. and Bundala, F.M. (2000). Natural radioactivity and radiation exposure at the Minjingu Phosphate mine in Tanzania. Journal of Radiological Protection. 20: 41-51.
Cember, H (1996): Introduction to health physics. Mc Graw Hill. Health Professional. Davis
Cember, H., and Johnson, T. E., (2009). Introduction to Health Physics (4th Ed.) The McGraw-Hill Companies New York, USA.
Chakraborty, S.R., Azim, R., Rezaur Rahman, A.K.M., and Sarker, R., (2013). Radioactivity Concentrations in Soil and Transfer Factors of Radionuclides from Soil to Grass and Plants in the Chittagong City of Bangladesh. Journal of Physical Science. 24(1), pp. 95–113.
Dar, M. A., and El-Saman, M., (2012). The Radiation Hazards of some Radio-Elements in Petroleum and Phosphate Regions along the Red Sea, Egypt. Third International Conference on Radiation Sciences and Applications at Hurghada, Egypt between 12 -16 November, 2012. Pp 650-672.
Dawood, H. I., (2011). Measurement of Radioactivity for Radium226 Isotopes in some Soil Samples from Different Regions in Karbala Governorate using Gamma Ray Spectrometry. Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, Babylon University.19 (2).
Faanu, A., (2011). Assessment of Public Exposure to Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materialsfrom Mining and Mineral Processing Activities of Tarkwa Goldmine in Ghana. PhD thesis (Department of Chemistry). Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi (Unpublished).
Gambo, N., (2014). Examination of Natural Radioactivity in Building Materials in Katsina State Using Gamma Ray Spectroscopy: A Case Study of Building Block. MSc Thesis (Department of Physics). Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto, Nigeria. (Unpublished).
Garcia, J.C., Plaza, C., Soler-Rovira, P., Polo, A. (2000). Long-term effects of Municipal Solid Waste Compost Application on soil enzyme activities and microbial biomass. Soil and Biochemistry. 32.1907- 1913.
Gaso, M.I., Segovia, N., Morton, O. (2005). Environmental impact assessment of uranium ore mining and radioactive waste around a storage centre from Mexico. Radioprotection, Suppl. 1, Vol. 40: S739-S745. DOI: 10.1051/radiopro: 2005s1-108.
Gbenu, S. T., (2011). Radiological Effects of Quarry Products in Southwestern Nigeria. M.Sc. Thesis (Department of Physics). Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. (Unpublished).
Gilmore, G. R., (2008). Practical Gamma-ray Spectrometry (2nd Ed). John Wiley & Sons Ltd. The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, England.
Hafezi, S., Amidi, J. and Attarilar, A., (2005). Concentration of natural radionuclides in soil and essential exposure to the public in Tehran, Iran. Journal of Radiation Resource. 3(2) pp 85-88.
Hall E. J., (2000). Radiobiology for the Radiologist. Fifth edition. ISBN 0-7817-2649-2.
IAEA (2001). Working materials; the assessment of occupational protection conditions in workplaces with high levels of exposure to natural radiation. Report from Technical Committee Meeting, Vienna, Austria.
IAEA, (1986). International Atomic Energy Agency, Measurement of Radionuclides in Food and The Environment A Guide book. IAEA Vienna Australia. Technical Reports Series No. 295.
IAEA, (2002). Safety Standard Series Management of radioactive waste from the mining and milling of ores. No WS-G, 1.2, 27.
IAEA, (2003). International Atomic Ene rgy Agency, Guidelines for radioelement mapping using gamma ray spectrometry data, IAEA Vienna Australia.
IAEA. (2003a). Extent of Environmental Contamination by NORMs and Technological Options for Mitigation. Technical Reports Series No.419.
IAEA. (2003) (b). Guidelines for radioelement mapping using gamma ray spectrometry data. Viena, Austria.
IAEA. (2004). Soil sampling for environmental contaminants, IAEA-TECDOC-1415, Austria.
IAEA. (2005). Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (IV), Proceedings of an International Conference Held in Vienna, IAEA-TECDOC-1472, Poland.
Ibrahim H.S., Hafez, A. F., Elanany, N. H., Motaweh, H. A., and Naim, M. A., (2006). Radiological Study on Soils, Foodstuff and Fertilizers in the Alexandria Region, Egypt, Turkish Journal of Engineering and. Environmental Sciences. 30(5) pp1–9.
ICRP Report (2006-2009). Revision 1, recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection, ICRP Publication 103, Pergamon Press, Oxford. Pp 69-72, 2009-09-01.
ICRP., (2007). International Committee on Radiation Protection. International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements: Recommendations, 1991. Report No. 60. New York, Pergamon press.
Jibiri, N. N., Agomuo, J. C. (2007). Trace Elements and Radioactivity Measurements In Some Terrestrial Food Crops In Jos-Plateau, North Central, Nigeria. An article of Radiation Protection. 42 (1) pp 29-42.
Jibiri, N.N and Temaugee, S.T (2013). Radionuclide contents in raw minerals and soil samples and the associated radiological risk from some mining sites in Benue State North-Central Nigeria. International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research. 4 (7): 2392-2400
Jwanbot, D. I., Izam, M. M., Nyam, G. G., and John, H. N., (2003). Radionuclides Analysis of Some Soils and Food Crops in Barkin-Ladi LGA Plateau State-Nigeria. Journal of Environment and Earth Science.3 (3).
Kaniu M.I., Angeyo K.H., Darby I.G. (2018). Occurrence and multivariate exploratory analysis of the natural radioactivity anomaly in the south coastal region of Kenya. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 146: 34 - 41.
Kebwaro, M. (2009). Gamma ray spectrometric analysis of surface soils around Mrima Hill, Kenya, using NaI(TI) detector and decomposition technique. Msc Thesis (Department of Physics). Kenyatta University. Kenya. (Unpublished).
Kolo, M. T., (2014). Natural Radioactivity and Risk Assessment of Sokoto Phosphate Rock Northwestern Nigeria, African Journal of Environmental Science And Technology. 8(9) pp. 532-53.
Lipsztein, J.L., Dacunha, K.M., Azeredo, A.M., Juliao, L., Santos, M., Melo, D.R. (2001). Exposure of workers in mineral processing industries in Brazil. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity. 54:189-99.
Merita, X., (2003). New Gamma-Ray Spectrometry Methods for Estimating K-40, U-235, And Th-232 Concentrations in Rocks of the Sardinia Batholith. A PhD Dissertation. (School of Natural Science) University of Sassari, Italy (Unpublished).
Monika, Ś., Petryka, L., and Zych, M., (2010). Natural Radioactivity of Soil and Sediment Samples Collected from Postindustrial Area. Polish Journal of Environmental.Studies.19 (5) pp.1095-1099.
Nwoke, J. E., (2006). Measurement of Gross Alpha and Beta Radioactivity in River Kaduna. MSc Thesis (Department of Physics). Ahmadu Bello University Zaria Nigeria (Unpublished).
Obaje, N. G., (2009). Geology And Mineral Resources of Nigeria. Lecture Notes on Earth Sciences. Published By Springer Verlag Barlin Heidelherg. pp. 219
Olomo, J.B., Akinloye, M.K., Balogun, F.A., 1994. Distribution of gamma emitting-natural radionuclides in soils and water around nuclear research establishments, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research. Section A 353, pp553-557.
Omeje M., Adewoyin O.O., Joel E.S., Ehi-Eromosele C.O., Emenike C.P., Usikalu M.R., Akinwumi S.A., Zai di E., Mohammad A.S. (2018). Natural radioactivity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in commercial building materials and their lifetime cancer risk assessment in dwellers. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 24(8): 2036- 2053. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2018.1438171.
Osoro M., Rathore I., Mangala M. and Mustapha A. (2011). Radioactivity in Surface Soils around the Proposed Sites for Titanium Mining Project in Kenya, Journal of Environmental Protection (1) pp460-464.
Rabiu A., (2013). Analysis of Activity Concentrations Due to Natural Radionuclides in the Sediment, Fish and Water of Kainji Lake. M.Sc. Thesis (Department of Physics). Ahmadu BelloUniversity Zaria Nigeria (Unpublished).
Ramasamy, V., Senthil S., Meenakshisundaram, V. and Gajendran, V. (2009). Measurement of natural radioactivity in beach sediments from north east coast of Tamilnadu, India, Resource Journal of Applied Science and Engineering Technology.1 (2): 54-58.
Region, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China Omeje M., Adagunodo T.A., Akinwumi S.A., Adewoyin O.O., Joel E.S., Husin W. and Mohd S.H. (2019).Investigation of Driller’s Exposure to Natural Radioactivity and its Radiological Risks in Low Latitude Region using Neutron Activation Analysis. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology, 10(1): 1897 – 1920.
Saidu, A., and Ike, E. E., (2013). Survey of Gross Alpha Radioactivity in Bore Hole and Well Water in Sokoto City North-Western Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Science, 20(3) pp20-26. ISSN 0794-5698
Sharma, B. K. (2004). Industrial Chemistry; Including Chemical Engineering Goel Publishing House Merut, pp.234-265.
Thompson, M. A., (2012). Determination of 226Ra in Fish Using Liquid Scintillation Analysis. MSc Thesis (Department of Medical Physics). McMaster University Hamilton, Ontario (Unpublished).
Tsoulfanidis, N., (2005). Measurement and Detection of Radiation (2nd Ed) Taylor & Francis USA Protectection.
Tufail, M., Akhtar, N., Javied, S. and Hamid, T. (2007). Natural radioactivity hazards of building bricks fabricated from saline soil of two districts of Pakistan, Journal of Radiological Protection. Vol27. pp 481-492.
Turner, J. E., (2007). Atoms, Radiation, and Radiation Protection (3rd Ed). Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & CO KGaA.
Tzortzis, M., Tsetos, H., (2004). A comprehensive study of natural gamma radioactivity levels and associated dose rates from surface soils in cyprus. Journal of Radiation and Dosimetry.109 pp 217-24
Umar, A.M., Onimisi, M.Y., and Jonah, S.A., (2012). Baseline Measurement of Natural Radioactivity in Soil, Vegetation and Water in the Industrial District of the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) Abuja, Nigeria. British Journal of Applied Science & Technology.2(3):pp266-274.
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